Algeria Tunisia Morocco

1. Algeria Tunisia Morocco Link to syllabus

2. Link to Algeria Chronology

3. Link to World Debt Tables Link to World Debt Tables

4. Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient Link to http://i-cias.com/e.o/index.htm

5. Map of northern Africa

6. Algeria Map

7. Algeria Physical map

8. Ahmed Ben Balla Born 1916 President 1963-65 A soldier in the French army during WWII, he was a founder of the FLN. Spent several years in French prisons. Criticized for inflated ideological rhetoric. After his overthrow he was kept under house arrest, then sent into exile until 1990.

9. Houari Boumedienne 1932-1978 President 1965-1978 Studied at Islamic Institute and at al-Azhar in Cairo. Had become a Coronel in the FLN in 1957. Pursued socialisant policies, including nationalization of the petroleum industry. Died of an obscure blood disease.

10. Chadli Benjedid President 1978-1992 Becomes president upon Boumedienne’s death, pursues a more moderate line.

11. Liamine Zeroual Born 1932 President 1994-99 General who was chosen President by the military. his main assignment was to quell the Islamists – this was a period of Civil War.

12. Abdelaziz Bouteflika Born 1937 President since 1999 Joined FLN upon finishing secondary school. Served as Foreign Minister to Ben Balla and Boumedienne. Said to present a more upper- class persona, although he has moderate policies towards armed Islamists

13. Algeria: Real GDP/Capita

14. Samir Amin, 1931- Noted Egyptian social scientist. Trained in Paris. Neo-Marxist, believer in self-reliance. Author of: Accumulation On a World Scale, Neo-Colonialism in West Africa, The Arab Nation. Worked for U.N. Economic Committee of Africa.

15. Algeria: Inflation

16. Algeria: Land Use

17. Algeria: Ag output

18. Algeria: Debt Service Ratios

19. Algeria: Foreign Aid

20. Seasonal labor migration in French North Africa, 1930 Source: Neil Macmaster, “Labour Migration in French North Africa,” in The Cambridge Survey of World Migration

21. Tunisia Tunisia Chronology Link to WDI Link to syllabus Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

22. Tunisia: Roads and Cities

23. Tunisia: Topographical

24. Habib Bourguiba 1903-2000 Ruled 1957-1987 Educated in Tunis and at U. of Paris; married French woman. Founded Neo-Destour Party. Moderate secularist, with echoes of Ataturk in his policies. Dynamic personality, but was in power too long, as his health gave out. Was eventually overthrown by his Prime Minister.

25. Zine el Abidine Ben Ali Born 1936 President since 1987 Seen as controlling Islamist radicals, while bringing Islam back into Tunisian society. Has maintained international presence of Tunisia. Link to book ad

26. Comments on Events in Tunisia Ben Ali’s ousting was incredibly rapid, and unexpected Why this ‘revolution’? Corruption, especially around the president, and his wife’s clan Lack of democracy The role of economic policy was present, but subsidiary Errors/miscalculations on the part of their security people, “FBI” Strong organizing role of labor unions andapparently of Communist Party; minimal role of Islamists No one knows where it will end up. Democratic election – then, with which parties? Military government Continued instability in national leadership Return of Ben Ali’s group Suggestive model for regime change in Egypt, Saudi A., Jordan, elsewhere Hypocrisy of France and the U.S.

27. Types of MENA Political Regimes: Clement and SpringborgGlobalization and the Politics of Development in the M.E. Bunker States Algeria, Libya, Yemen, Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, Syria Bully Praetorian States Egypt, Tunisia, Palestinian Authority Globalization Monarchies Arabia, Morocco, Jordan, early Hashemite Iraq Precarious Democracies Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Iran (but slipping into the bully praetorian category)

28. Regime types (II) Bunker states: Led by social forces that are minorities (Alawi in Syria) Have little institutional capacity to manage economy Have largest informal sectors, and low tax rates. Technocrats have little power to determine policy Have low financial development Praetorian Bully States Rule rests on institutional power of military/security/party Have large government sectors Characterized by ‘crony capitalism’ Stifle private sector Lack political legitimacy

29. Tunisia: Real GDP/Capita

30. Tunisia: Inflation

31. Tunisia: Land Use

32. Tunisia: Ag GDP

33. Tunisia: Foreign Aid

34. Tunisia: Debt Service

35. Morocco Morocco Chronology Link to syllabus Link to WDI Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

36. Morocco: Cities and Roads

37. Morocco Topographical

38. Muhammad 5 1909 - 1961 Sultan 1927-57, king 1957-61 After winning independence for Morocco, he is able to maintain monarchical system, with significant aid from the military and police.

39. King Hassan 2 1929 - 1999 King 1961 – 1999 The oldest son of Muhammad 5, and father of Muhammad 6. Studied at schools in Morocco. Had been head of Royal Armed Forces. Among the most pro-western leaders of the region, and most pro-capitalist, while also clashing with neighboring countries. Survived several assassination attempts in the 1970s. Territorial conflicts over Western Sahara with Mauritania.

40. King Muhammad 6 Born 1963 King from 1999 Some education in France, and work with EU Commission in Brussels. Expected to continue policies of his father (and grandfather), especially with regard to Europe

41. Morocco: Real GDP/Capita

42. Morocco: Land Use

43. Morocco: Ag Output

44. Morocco Foreign Aid

45. Morocco: Debt Service Ratios

46. Morocco: Inflation

47. Libya Physical Map

48. Libya: map of cities and roads

49. Libya Chronology

50. Mommar Khadafi Born 1942 in a tent Ruler since 1969 Studied at Univ. of Libya, and military school Led coup against king. Said to live a frugal life. Has supported several armed movements throughout the Arab world, including Lockerbie bombing. Has moderated with age.