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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. The Human Body: An Orientation. Overview. Anatomy Topics of Anatomy Gross Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy. Overview (continued). Anatomy Topics of Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Cytology Histology Developmental Anatomy Embryology. Overview (continued).

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

  2. Overview • Anatomy • Topics of Anatomy • Gross Anatomy • Regional Anatomy • Systemic Anatomy

  3. Overview (continued) • Anatomy • Topics of Anatomy • Microscopic Anatomy • Cytology • Histology • Developmental Anatomy • Embryology

  4. Overview (continued) • Anatomy (continued) • Topics of Anatomy (cont) • Pathological Anatomy • Molecular Anatomy • Radiographic Anatomy

  5. Overview (continued) • Physiology • Topics of Physiology • Chemistry • Physics • Complimentarity of Structure and Function

  6. Structural Organization • Chemical Level • Molecular Level • Cellular Level • Tissue Level • Organ Level • Organ System Level • Organism Level

  7. Organ Systems Integumentary System Function:Protection Components: Epidermis & Dermis Finger nails/toe nails Hair; Sweat glands

  8. Skeletal System Function: supports the body, protects internal organs & provides attachment sites for muscles. Components: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

  9. Muscular System Function:provide support, movement, and maintain posture Organs/Components: skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle, tendons

  10. Organ Systems Circulatory System Function:transport nutrients, gases, hormones and wastes through the body Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood

  11. Nervous System Function:directs behavior & movement, and, with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

  12. Respiratory System Function:provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment for the organs. Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs. Bronchi, diaphragm

  13. Digestive System Function:breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

  14. Excretory System Function:filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

  15. Endocrine System Function:relay chemical messages through the body and in conjunction with the nervous system, these hormones help control physiological processes Organs: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, ovaries/testes, and adrenal glands

  16. Reproductive System Function:manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the female, also houses the fetus as it develops. Organs: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands testes, seminal vesicles and penis

  17. Maintenance of Life • Functional Characteristics • Maintenance of Boundaries • Movement • Responsiveness • Digestion

  18. Maintenance of Life • Functional Characteristics • Metabolism • Excretion • Reproduction • Growth

  19. Maintenance of Life • Survival Needs • Nutrients • Water • Body Temperature • Atmospheric Pressure • Oxygen

  20. Homeostasis • Control Mechanisms • Control Center… set point • Receptor… stimulus/afferent pathway • Effector… feedback/efferent pathway

  21. Homeostasis • Negative Feedback Mechanisms • Most common types • Causes change opposite stimulus … limits severe/sudden change • Body temp, blood levels, heart rate, blood pressure

  22. Homeostasis • Positive Feedback Mechanisms • Rare occurrences • Causes an increase to the initial stimulus • Blood clotting, labor contractions

  23. Make a full-page diagram of the Elements of a Control System, Fig. 1.4, p. 13. Make a full-page, enhanced diagram of the Regulation of blood glucose, Fig 1.5, p. 14. Answer Review Questions 1-4, 10-14 & 20 on p. 23.

  24. End of material for Test 1a

  25. Language of Anatomy • Anatomical Position

  26. Anatomical Position

  27. Language of Anatomy • Anatomical Position • Directional Terms • Table 1.1, p. 16

  28. Superior: above Inferior: below Proximal: towards the attachment of a limb Distal: toward the fingers or toes Anatomical Terminology • Directional Terms

  29. Anatomical Terminology • Directional Terms Medial: near to the midline

  30. Anterior: near to or at the front Posteror: near to or at the back Anatomical Terminology • Directional Terms

  31. Anatomical Terminology Superficial: toward the surface • Directional Terms Deep: Away from the surface

  32. Language of Anatomy • Anatomical Position • Directional Terms • Table 1.1, p. 16 • Regional Terms • Figure 1.6

  33. Cranial: towards the head Caudal: towards the feet/buttocks Medial: towards the mid-line Lateral: towards or from the side Anatomical Terminology Directional Terms

  34. Palmar: toward or on the palm of the hand Plantar: toward or on the soles of the feet Anatomical Terminology Directional Terms

  35. Abdominal b. Axillary c. Brachial d. Carpal e. Cervical Anatomical Terminology Regional Terms

  36. f. Femoral g. Orbital Anatomical Terminology Regional Terms

  37. h. Dorsum i. Lumbar Anatomical Terminology Regional Terms

  38. j. Popiteal k. Sural l. Calcaneus Anatomical Terminology Regional Terms

  39. Anatomical Planes divide the body

  40. Language of Anatomy • Body Planes and Sections • Sagittal Plane • Midsagittal plane • Parasagittal plane

  41. Anatomical Planes • Sagittal Planes (Median Planes) divide the body into a right and a left half • mid sagittal • divides body into equal right and left sides

  42. Anatomical Planes divide the body into a right and a left half • Sagittal Planes • Parasagittal • (Paramedian) • divides body into unequal right and left sides

  43. Language of Anatomy • Body Planes and Sections • Sagittal Plane • Midsagittal plane • Parasagittal plane • Frontal Plane (coronal)

  44. Anatomical Planes • Frontal or Coronal divides the body into a front and a back

  45. Language of Anatomy • Body Planes and Sections • Sagittal Plane • Midsagittal plane • Parasagittal plane • Frontal Plane (coronal) • Transverse Plane (cross sect)

  46. Anatomical Planes • Transverse (axial/horizontal) divides the body into upper and lower portions

  47. Language of Anatomy • Body Cavities and Membranes • Dorsal Body Cavity • Cranial Cavity • Vertebral Cavity

  48. Language of Anatomy • Body Cavities and Membranes • Ventral Body Cavity • Thoracic Cavity • Pleural Cavity (2) • Mediastinum • Abdominopelvic Cavity

  49. Cranial Cavity BodyCavities Dorsal Thoracic Pericardial Spinal Ventral Abdominal Pelvic Abdomino-pelvic

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