Topic 1 Introduction to Electronics

1. Topic 1Introduction to Electronics ECE 271 Electronic Circuits I NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

2. Topic Goals Explore the history of electronics. Describe classification of electronic signals. Introduce tolerance impacts and analysis. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

3. 1. The Subject of the Course • The subject of the course is modern electronics, or microelectronics. • Microelectronics refers to the integrated-circuit (IC) technology • IC – can contains hundreds of millions of components on a IC chip with the area of the order 100 sq. mm. • Subject of study: - electronic components/devices that can be used singly (discrete circuits) - electronic components/devices that can be used as components of the IC NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

4. 2. Brief History The Start of the Modern Electronics Era It can be said that the invention of the transistor and the subsequent development of the microelectronics have done more to shape the modern era than any other invention. Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain at Bell Labs - Brattain and Bardeen invented the bipolar transistor in 1947. The first germanium bipolar transistor. Roughly 50 years later, electronics account for 10% (4 trillion dollars) of the world GDP. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

5. Electronics Milestones • Braun invents the solid-state rectifier (using point contact based on lead sulphide) • DeForest invents triode vacuum tube. 1907-1927 First radio circuits developed from diodes and triodes. 1925 Lilienfeld field-effect device patent filed. • Bardeen and Brattain at Bell Laboratories invent bipolar transistors. • Commercial bipolar transistor production at Texas Instruments. • Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley receive Nobel prize. • Integrated circuits developed by Kilby (TI) and Noyce and Moore (Fairchild Semiconductor) • First commercial IC from Fairchild Semiconductor • IEEE formed from merger of IRE and AIEE • First commercial IC opamp • One transistor DRAM cell invented by Dennard at IBM. • 4004 Intel microprocessor introduced. • First commercial 1-kilobit memory. 1974 8080 microprocessor introduced. • Megabit memory chip introduced. 1995 Gigabite memory chip presented. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

6. Evolution of Electronic Devices Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors SSI and MSI Integrated Circuits VLSI Surface-Mount Circuits NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

7. Evolution of Electronic Devices A work of art from the Museum of Modern Art, Paris NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

8. Microelectronics Proliferation The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

9. Microelectronics Proliferation • The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. • World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. • Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. • Approximately 1018 transistors were produced in a recent year. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

10. Microelectronics Proliferation • The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. • World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. • Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. • Approximately 1018 transistors were produced in a recent year. • To compare: • Number of cells in a human body - NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

11. Microelectronics Proliferation • The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. • World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. • Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. • Approximately 1018 transistors were produced in a recent year. • To compare: • Number of cells in a human body - 1014 NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

12. Microelectronics Proliferation • The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. • World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. • Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. • Approximately 1018 transistors were produced in a recent year. • To compare: • Number of cells in a human body - 1014 • Number of seconds elapsed since Big Bang – NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

13. Microelectronics Proliferation • The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. • World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. • Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. • Approximately 1018 transistors were produced in a recent year. • To compare: • Number of cells in a human body - 1014 • Number of seconds elapsed since Big Bang – 1017 NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

14. Microelectronics Proliferation • The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. • World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. • Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. • Approximately 1018 transistors were produced in a recent year. • To compare: • Number of cells in a human body - 1014 • Number of seconds elapsed since Big Bang – 1017 • Number of ants in the world - NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

15. Microelectronics Proliferation • The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. • World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. • Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. • Approximately 1018 transistors were produced in a recent year. • To compare: • Number of cells in a human body - 1014 • Number of seconds elapsed since Big Bang – 1017 • Number of ants in the world - roughly 50 transistors for every ant in the world. *Source: Gordon Moore’s Plenary address at the 2003 International Solid State Circuits Conference. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

16. Rapid Increase in Density of Microelectronics Memory chip density versus time. Microprocessor complexity versus time. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

17. Device Feature Size • Feature size reductions enabled by process innovations. • Smaller features lead to more transistors per unit area and therefore higher density. • SSI – small scale integration (< 102) • MSI – medium SI (102- 103) • LSI – large SI (103- 104) • VLSI – very large SI (104- 109) • ULSI & GSI– ultra large SI & giga-scale integration (> 109) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

18. 3. Types of Signals • Analog signals take on continuous values - typically current or voltage. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

19. 3. Types of Signals • Analog signals take on continuous values - typically current or voltage. • Digital signals appear at discrete levels (do not confuse with discrete times). NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

20. 3. Types of Signals • Analog signals take on continuous values - typically current or voltage. • Digital signals appear at discrete levels (do not confuse with discrete times). • Usually we use binary signals with only two levels - • One level is referred to as logical 1 and logical 0 is assigned to the other level. • Typically: - was standard for many years - used now. • Bipolar levels also exist NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

21. Analog and Digital Signals • Analogsignal • Analog signals usually are continuous in time and in values. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

22. Analog and Digital Signals • Analogsignal • Discrete time signal • Analogsignals usually are continuous in time and in values. • Sampled, discrete time signals are discrete in time (values are typically separated by fixed time intervals). • The values are continuous. • Needs digitization. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

23. Analog and Digital Signals • Sampled discrete time signal NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

24. Analog and Digital Signals • Sampled discrete time signal • Digitized discrete time signal - discrete time and digitized discrete values. • The values are not continuous – belong to a finite set. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

25. Analog and Digital Signals • Sampled discrete time signal • Digitized discrete time signal - discrete time and digitized discrete values. • The values are not continuous – belong to a finite set. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

26. Analog and Digital Signals • Sampled discrete time signal • Digitized discrete time signal - discrete time and digitized discrete values. • The values are not continuous – belong to a finite set. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

27. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion • The input is a binary number • Let’s introduce and then define NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

28. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion • The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. • The input is a binary number • Let’s introduce and then define NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

29. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion • The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. • The most significant bit (MSB) - • The input is a binary number • Let’s introduce and then define ? NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

30. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion • The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. • The most significant bit (MSB) - • The input is a binary number • Let’s introduce and then define NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

31. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion • The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. • The most significant bit (MSB) - • Then for an n-bit D/A converter, the output voltage is expressed as: • The input is a binary number • Let’s introduce and then define NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

32. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion • The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. • The most significant bit (MSB) - • Then for an n-bit D/A converter, the output voltage is expressed as: • The input is a binary number • Let’s introduce and then define NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

33. Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion • The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. • The most significant bit (MSB) - • Then for an n-bit D/A converter, the output voltage is expressed as: • The input is a binary number • Let’s introduce and then define NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

34. Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion • Analog input voltage Vx is converted to the nearestn-bit number that represent VO - the closest (WRT to the accuracy = VLSB /2) value to the Vx • Output is approximation of input due to the limited resolution of the n-bit output. Error is expressed as: NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

35. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

36. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

37. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

38. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

39. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

40. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

41. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

42. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

43. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

44. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

45. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

46. A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic(input-output) NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

47. 4. Notational Conventions • In many circuits the signal will be a combination of the dc and time varying values. • Total signal = DC bias + time varying signal • Resistance and conductance - R and G with same subscripts will denote reciprocal quantities. Most convenient form will be used within expressions. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

48. 5. Circuit Theory Review: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Thévenin Norton NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

49. 5. Circuit Theory Review: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Thévenin Norton NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov

50. 5. Circuit Theory Review: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Thévenin Norton NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov