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The Reformation

The Reformation. Martin Luther. Born 1483 Priest & Professor in Wittenberg, Germany. Church Corruption. Pope Leo X started practice of selling Indulgences certificates issued by Church to reduce or cancel punishment of sins Luther didn’t agree with sale of Indulgences –. Papal Schism.

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The Reformation

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  1. The Reformation

  2. Martin Luther • Born 1483 • Priest & Professor in Wittenberg, Germany

  3. Church Corruption • Pope Leo X started practice of selling Indulgences • certificates issued by Church to reduce or cancel punishment of sins • Luther didn’t agree with sale of Indulgences –

  4. Papal Schism Rome Avignon • In 1301 the king tried to tax the French clergy. • The pope threatened to excommunicate the king and so was arrested. He was later released. • The next pope, Clement V, moved the headquarters of the Church from Rome to Avignon in southern France. • Many people felt that the French kings controlled the Church.

  5. Three Popes! • The next six popes lived in Avignon. Pope Gregory then moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377. • When Gregory died, the French cardinals did not like the new pope in Rome, so they elected a different pope in Avignon. • Later, a Church council elected a third pope.

  6. Calls for Reform • John Wycliffe (1330-1384) • Questioned the authority of the pope • Jan Hus (1370-1415) • Criticized the vast wealth of the Church • Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) • Attacked corruption in the Church

  7. Luther Posts The 95 Theses • 1517 Luther nailed 95 Theses to door of Church • Criticized Indulgences & church corruption

  8. Reformation Spreads • Gutenberg’s printing press spreads ideas • Indulgences sales drop • Luther continued attacks

  9. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

  10. Response From Rome • Pope Leo X sent envoys to end uprising • Luther refused to stop his criticism • In 1521 the Pope excommunicated Luther

  11. Diet of Worms • Council of German princes • Luther declared a heretic & outlaw

  12. Peasant Revolt in 1525 • Luther backed princes • Princes support Luther against Pope

  13. Faith and Good Works Ritual and Tradition Pope Language – Latin Faith alone literal interpretation of bible Did not recognize authority of Pope Language – German Catholic Lutheran

  14. The Spread of Lutheranism

  15. Calvin • Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination – God determines the fate of every person • Popular in Netherlands & Scotland

  16. Calvin’s World in the 16c

  17. The Anabaptists • Baptized adults • No participation in government • Pacifists • Persecuted went to America in 1600’s • Quakers, Baptists, Mennonites, Amish

  18. The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

  19. The Catholic Reformation • Pope Paul III • Council of Trent 1545-1563

  20. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

  21. Religious Persecution • Jesuits – religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola • missionaries • Inquisition tortured unfaithful

  22. St. Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSlaughter of Huguenots (French Protestants)

  23. Edict of Nantes • Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. • In 1598: Granted religious rights to Huguenots

  24. Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (over Religion)

  25. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

  26. Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT must permit freedom of private worship.

  27. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

  28. Effects of Reformation • Division within Christian faith • Religious Wars—30 Years War • Religious Persecution--Inquisition • Began Separation of Church & State

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