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Understanding Absolute Monarchs and the Enlightenment's Impact on Modern Society

This lesson explores the concept of absolute monarchy, its historical examples, and how monarchs claimed power. It delves into the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, emphasizing how the Renaissance sparked curiosity and led to questioning traditional beliefs. Key figures like Isaac Newton, Galileo, and philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are highlighted for their contributions. Students will analyze how these movements transformed society and valued reason, observation, and individual rights, culminating in discussions about their relevance today.

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Understanding Absolute Monarchs and the Enlightenment's Impact on Modern Society

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  1. Bellringer • Have out your homework! • On a piece of paper, titled “Bellringer 10/25/11”, please answer the following questions: • What is an absolute monarch and how did they claim their power? • Who is an example of an absolute monarch? Why does he fit this definition? • Objective: SWBAT describe the revolutions in thoughts from the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. • BJOTD: What is brown and sticky?

  2. The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

  3. Background • What did the Renaissance do? • The Renaissance sparked interest and curiosity about many things, allowing people to start to think for themselves • What did the Reformation question? • The Reformation led people to question and challenge the original views of God, the church, and salvation

  4. At the same time as the Reformation… • Individuals began to challenge the way people viewed their place in the Universe. This became known as the Scientific Revolution.

  5. The Scientific Revolution (1500-1700CE) • The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world. • Based on: • careful observation of nature • a willingness to question widely accepted beliefs • reason and logic • Result: the expansion of scientific knowledge

  6. How did they Develop these Ideas? • Scientific Method • Created by Aristotle • A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

  7. The Enlightenment (1700s-1800s) • What was the Enlightenment? • An intellectual movement where enlightenment thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific methods to the HUMAN world as well as to the rest of the natural world • People wanted to build a society around the ideas of the Scientific Revolution

  8. How did these movements spread? • Salons—wealthy women and men would gather to discuss ideas • Encyclopedias published many Enlightenment ideas • Pamphlets and newspapers helped to spread the word about new ideas

  9. Bellringer • You have 12 minutes to: • Finish your license plate • Tape/staple the extra part of the chart to your “People of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment” Chart • Rearrange the room into two circles: an inner and an outer circle. • Objective: SWBAT distinguish individuals from the SR and Enlightenment based on their accomplishments and analyze their importance to society today. • BJOTD: How do we know that policemen are strong?

  10. Isaac Newton (1642-1680s) • By 24, Newton was certain all physical objects on Earth and in space were equally affected by the same forces • His big idea: linking motion in the heaven with motion on earth • Called the Law of Universal Gravitation • Every object in the Universe attracts every other object. The amount of attraction depends on the mass of the object and the distance between them.

  11. Nicolaus Copernicus—1500s • Did not agree with the geocentric model of the universe • First to study the idea that the sun was at the center of the universe • After 25 years, Copernicus proved that the sun was in the center of the stars and other planets • Called the heliocentric theory—sun-centered

  12. Johannes Kepler—1600s • Kepler expanded on Copernicus’ ideas—he wanted to know why and how the planets orbit the way they do • Proved that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of perfect circles

  13. Galileo Galilei—1600s • 1609—he used a telescope to study the heavens • 1610—wrote Starry Messenger, which described his observations • Confirmed Copernicus’ theory of a heliocentric universe

  14. Galileo Tidbits • Galileo's ideas went against the church, so he was “encouraged” not to publish his book • Taken to court by the Church and put to torture • Under torture, he lied and claimed that Copernicus’ ideas were wrong • Jailed until his death, but his ideas still spread.

  15. William Harvey—1600s • Wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals • Showed the heart acts as a pump to circulate the blood throughout the body • Described the function of blood vessels

  16. Other Important Inventions • Microscope • Edward Jenner invented a vaccine for Smallpox • First Fahrenheit Thermometer

  17. Thomas Hobbes • Wrote Leviathan • English philosopher • Believed all humans are naturally wicked • Absolute monarchy is the best form of government • Governments are created to protect people from their own selfishness

  18. John Locke • Wrote Two Treatises on Government • English philosopher • People have the ability to reason and to make good decisions if given the proper information • Governments should be formed with the approval of the people • Governments should exist to protect individual freedoms and liberties • People, not god, should choose leaders.

  19. Montesquieu • Wrote The Spirit of Laws • French political thinker • A monarchy with limited power makes a country stable and secure • Developed the idea of “separation of powers” • Government should be divided or spread out among different branches of government so no one individual or group has too much power and as a result threatens liberty.

  20. Voltaire • French writer • Believed in: • Tolerance • Reason • Freedom of religion • Freedom of speech • Supported the idea of separation of church and state

  21. Rousseau • Wrote The Social Contract • Swiss philosopher • Direct Democracy—where people vote in person to make all laws—was the way to protect individual freedom • Government should be a contract between rulers and the people

  22. Thomas Jefferson • Author of Declaration of Independence • All men should be guaranteed life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

  23. CesareBeccaria • Wrote On Crimes and Punishments • Felt that many parts of the justice system were unfair: • Torture • Secret trials • Harsh sentences • Corrupt judges • His book called for punishments designed to preserve security and order

  24. Mary Wollstonecraft • Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Women should have an education because it’s the key to gaining equality

  25. After you’ve found all the license plates… • In a paragraph on a separate piece of paper, please complete the following statement in a paragraph (5 sentences): • I feel that__________________ from the (SR/Enlightenment) has been the most influential in our world because….

  26. Results of the Enlightenment • Stimulated religious tolerance • Helped to start democratic revolutions around the world • Rise of individualism—thinking for yourself • Rise of a more secular or worldly outlook

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