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Reconstruction Presidents

Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses Grant Rutherford Hayes. Reconstruction Presidents. AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR. Physical Toll in the South:. Amazingly destructive on human lives, property and infrastructure Southerners lives were now changed forever

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Reconstruction Presidents

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  1. Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses Grant Rutherford Hayes Reconstruction Presidents

  2. AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR Physical Toll in the South: Amazingly destructive on human lives, property and infrastructure Southerners lives were now changed forever Trains & crops destroyed Plantation owners upset loss of land and slaves Social & Economic order turned upside down

  3. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

  4. Key Questions The Constitution had no answers to these questions, in other words, there was no prior precedent on how to resolve these questions

  5. Wartime Reconstruction

  6. President Lincoln’s 10% Plan • Based on forgiveness, pardons the confederates states • 10% of voters in the election had to take an “Oath” of allegiance they could organize a new state government • Former Confederate government members and Confederate officers in the army wouldn’t receive amnesty or NO PARDONS FOR THEM

  7. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

  8. Radical Republicans: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Ben Wade

  9. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)*radical Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) Congr.HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

  10. 13th Amendment • Supported: Radical Republicans • Outlawed slavery in the United States

  11. Freedmen's Bureau • Supported: Radical Republicans • Run by the War Dept. • Provided food, clothing a jobs to war refugees • Built schools and provided teachers and education to former slaves

  12. Civil Rights Act 1866 • Supported: Radical Republicans • Goal to override black codes in the south • Stated - states could not deprive African Americans of constitutional rights.

  13. 14th Amendment • Supported: Radical Republicans • Provided African Americans citizenship rights

  14. Reconstruction Act 1867 • Supported: Radical Republicans • Called Military Reconstruction • Divided south into 5 military districts

  15. 15th Amendment • Supported: Radical Republicans • Provided voting rights to African Americans

  16. General Amnesty Act of 1872 • Supported: White Southern Democrats and Andrew Johnson • Removed voting and office holding restriction on former Confederates

  17. Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Supported: Radical Republicans • Gave African Americans equal protection in court • Prohibited stacked jury

  18. Compromise of 1877 • Supported: Compromise between Southern white Democrats and Radical Republicans • Rep: Rutherford B. Hayes • Dem: Samuel Tilden • Outcome: Tilden wins popular vote but not an electoral majority • 15 member committee created (8 Republicans, 7 Democrats decides election • Committee Selected Rutherford B. Hayes as president in exchange for ending Reconstruction and removing troops from the South.

  19. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) PocketVeto PresidentLincoln Wade-DavisBill • Pocket veto means – to let the session of Congress expire ”end” without signing the bill into law….essentially destroys the bill

  20. Presidential Reconstruction

  21. Andrew Johnson

  22. President Andrew Johnson • V.P under Lincoln • Southern Democrat • Anti-Aristocrat • White Supremacist • Doesn’t really want blacks to have equal rights • Disagrees with Radical Republicans

  23. President Johnson’s Plan (Presidential Reconstruction Plan Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

  24. Growing Northern Alarm! • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Andrew Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons to former Confederate officers and government officials • Southern States began to write BLACK CODES in their new state constitutions

  25. Freedmen = Freed Black Slaves Freedom to: Own Land, Movement, Learn & Worship The Freedmen’s Bureau: Created by the US Government to help freedmen adjust to freedom in 1865 THE TASTE OF FREEDOM! 4 million • Gave food and medical aid to former slaves • Established schools for black children • Tried to get former slaves jobs in the workplace and fair wages

  26. Freedmen’s Bureau School

  27. As the Southern states came back into the Union they passed laws that restricted Freedmen, called Black Codes: Curfews - blacks couldn’t gather after sunset Vagrancy - hanging out or wondering around ,“not working” – one could be fined Labor contracts - freedmen signed agreements for a year to work Land restrictions - freedmen could rent land or homes in rural areas These Black Codes upset the Radical Republicans Black Codes

  28. Congress Breaks with the President • These Black Codes enraged the Radical Republicans in Congress as a result they began to try change the Constitution • In 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which outlawed Black Codes - President Johnson vetoed the Act • Congress passed it anyway over-ride veto 1st in US history • Radical Republicans helped pass three Amendments stitution, these amendments are called the Civil War Amendments

  29. 13th Amendment • Slavery is Illegal • Ratified in December, 1865

  30. 14th Amendment • All people born or naturalized in the US are Citizens • The states may not deny anyone the equal protection of the laws • Ratified in July, 1868

  31. 15th Amendment • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied on acount of race, color or previous condition of servitude. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

  32. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Command of the Army Act • Tenure of Office Act

  33. Divided South into Military Districts Military Reconstruction Act

  34. Military Reconstruction Act

  35. Required all orders from the President to go through the headquarters of the General’s army Command of the Army Act

  36. The Tenure of Office Act • The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army. Edwin Stanton

  37. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. • Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. • The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

  38. The Senate Trial • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

  39. Carpetbaggers • Many former northern abolitionists and Union soldiers risked their lives to help freedmen • The southerners called these people “carpetbaggers” • They were seen as intruders seeking to make $ from the South’s poor condition

  40. Scalawags • Native white Southerners who joined the Republican party after the Civil War and advocated the acceptance of the congressional Reconstruction were called scalawags • They were seen by many in the South as traitors who deserted their countrymen

  41. Black "Adjustment" in the South

  42. Blacks in Southern Politics • Blacks were politically unprepared • Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. • The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting for Freedmen (not black women)

  43. Black Senate & House Delegates

  44. Hiram Revels Elected as a Senator in 1870 Representing the state of Mississippi First African-American Senator

  45. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

  46. “Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!

  47. Southern whites were violently opposed to Freedmen’s rights As a result, it led to the rise of secret society called the Ku Klux Klan …. (KKK) Violently targeted and terrorized: Freedmen, Scalawags and Carpetbaggers In opposition, the Radical Republicans passed the Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871, (also know as the KKK Act) Where army was present, KKK leaders were apprehended and imprisoned

  48. WHITE SUPREMACY • The Klan used various means of terrorism including: • Intimidation • Kidnapping • Torturing • Harassment • Hangings

  49. The Grant Administration (1868-1876)

  50. The 1868 Republican Ticket

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