Chapter 4 Vocabulary

1. Covalent Bond Polar Molecule Surface Tension Cohesion Sublimation Electromagnetic Spectrum Sea Ice Land Ice Fast Ice Iceberg Castle berg Advective Fog Radiative Fog Sea Smoke Chapter 4 Vocabulary Chapter 4 pg 138 2, 3, 5, 7, 11-13, 15 Chapter 5 pg 158 3-5

2. Chapter 4, 5, and 6 Expert Cards

3. Expert Card #1 • Water has a high specific heat, (amount of energy necessary to change its temperature), • Latent HEAT of VAPORAZATION (amount of heat involved in evaporation or condensation), and a • High latent HEAT ofFUSION (amount of heat energy necessary to melt is given up when it is frozen).

4. EXPERT CARD #1 cont. • This means that water changes temperature very slowly when compared to air or land (muddy, sand, or rocky shores). The result is a very stable temperature for marine organisms and milder winters for coastal regions (ocean has retained summer heat energy).

5. Expert Card #1 Cont. • Compared to other substances water requires more energy to vaporize (become gas) and melt. • Much energy is given up when water condenses and freezes. • Evaporation is a major cooling process of ocean water and helps to keep its maximum limit of 30°C even in tropical waters.

6. Expert Card #2 • The limits of temperature in the open ocean are between -2 and 30°C. However, these extremes do not occur as a range in any single part of the ocean. • The change in any part seldom exceeds 10°C therefore, most marine organisms do not have to adapt to wide temperature fluctuations as their terrestrial cousins do. • Smaller volumes of water (i.e. estuaries, tidepools) experience the widest range of temperatures.

7. Expert Card #2 Cont. • Temperatures vary with ocean depth as well as latitude. • Distinct vertical layers of water with different temperatures may form. Thermoclines are the site of these temperature changes.

9. Expert Card #3 • Salinity is defined as grams of dissolved solid matter (not just NaCl) per kilogram of water. • The salinity of the open ocean averages 35 10/100 or 35 100/1000. It varies considerably with time and location. • It is one of the most important features of ocean water. Truly marine organisms must be adapted to these saline conditions. • Loss or gain of cellular fluids can be a result of a change in salinity.

10. Expert Card #3 Cont. Salinity can be measured several ways: • 1)Hydrometer- actually measures density because salinity and density are directly related. If salinity goes up, the density goes up. • 2) Chemical titration- adding certain chemicals until a color change occurs. The number of drops indicates salinity. • 3)Electric conductivity- salinity goes up then the electric flow goes up. This is a direct relationship.

11. Expert Card #3 Cont. The freezing point of water decreases with salinity. Most salts won’t crystallize in ice so icebergs sit in a dense brine (salty) ocean water at 35 10/100 ocean water will freeze at -1.9°C. If salinity goes up, the freezing point goes down. This is a indirect relationship.

12. Expert Card #4 • The pressure of ocean water increases with the depth of the water column. At sea level, on the surface of the ocean, the atmospheric pressure is 1 atm or 14.7 lbs/inch2. For every 10 meters of water column, pressure is increased by 1 atm. What is the pressure 40 meter below surface? 90 meters? • Pressure changes volume gasses (Boyle’s Law: pressure goes up, volume goes down). Diving organisms (i.e. whales, man) must have some way of dealing with enlarging gas bubbles during ascent.

13. Expert Card #5 • The density of ocean water is a function of salinity, temperature, and pressure. • Density is mass/volume and can be measured in g/ml or Kg/liter. • Density and salinity have a direct relationship (salinity goes up, density goes up). Density and temperature have an indirect or inverse relationship since things expand when heated (Temperature goes up, density goes down).

14. Expert Card #5 Cont. • Density and pressure have a direct relationship (pressure goes up, density goes up) P D

15. Expert Card #6 • Cold, salty ocean water is very dense and will sink, displacing warmer, less dense, but full of nutrients (dead thing fell) water. This is called upwelling and is critical to marine life as nutrients are recycled. • Pycnoclines are lines in the ocean depth that separate layers of water with different densities. Stagnant, lifeless water will have permanent pycnoclines.

16. Expert Card #7 Sound transmission in ocean water is a function of density, temperature, and salinity. Sound travels much faster (about 50%) in ocean water than in the atmosphere.

17. Expert Card #7 • The transparency of water is a measure of the degree to which water will absorb light. Light is scattered, reflected, refracted, and absorbed by suspended particles. Light absorption decreases with depth. Long wavelength, low energy light is absorbed first. Small wavelength, high energy light can penetrate further.

18. Expert Card #7 • Plants living at any depth must be able to photosynthesize using blue and violet light. • This requires pigment other than chlorophyll since chlorophyll uses red, orange, and yellow.