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From Gene to Protein

This review covers the essentials of genetic material from DNA to protein synthesis, highlighting the roles of DNA, RNA, and proteins in cellular functions. Discover the transcription and translation processes, the types of RNA molecules involved, and the significance of amino acids in building diverse proteins. Get insight into the ribosomes' function in protein production and delve into the intricate steps of transcription and translation. Dive into the world of genetics and molecular biology through an engaging exploration of the mechanisms behind protein synthesis, involving DNA transcription to mRNA and the decoding of genetic information through tRNA and rRNA. Learn how the cell machinery collaborates to read and interpret genetic instructions, leading to the creation of essential proteins for various biological functions.

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From Gene to Protein

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  1. From Gene to Protein

  2. DNA Review • Is made of nucleotides. • Contains deoxyribose sugar • Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine • Is a double stranded molecule. • Example: A A T G G C T A T A C C G

  3. RNA Review • Is made of nucleotides. • Contains ribose sugar • Replaces Thymine with the base Uracil. • Is a single stranded molecule. • Example: A A U G G C U A U A C C G

  4. What is the JOB of RNA? • To assist in the synthesis of proteins.

  5. ENGAGE:Proteins, Proteins, Proteins!!!What’s the deal with proteins?

  6. Explore 1:Banana Split Lab(Transcription, Translation)

  7. Explore 2 • Designer Babies

  8. Explain: • Amino Acids – the building blocks of proteins. • Many amino acids linked together make up the many different proteins in our body. • DNA contains the code for these proteins and RNA’s assemble the parts.

  9. Protein Synthesis: overview • Transcription: synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA (mRNA) • Translation: actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mRNA

  10. Transcription, Translation

  11. RNA Getting Ready to Do its Job • There is NOT just one RNA molecule!!!! THERE ARE THREE!!! • 3 types of RNA molecules: 1. Messenger RNA (m-RNA) 2. Transfer RNA (t-RNA) 3. Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) • Each RNA molecule has a specific job in making a protein

  12. m-RNA(Transcribes the DNA) • Messenger RNA copies the code for a protein from DNA. • This is called TRANSCRIPTION (Only Occurs INSIDE of the Nucleus of a Cell) • Takes code to the ribosome where the protein will be made. • m-RNA is divided into smaller units called CODONS.

  13. What is a Codon? • Codon - series of 3-nucleotide ‘words’ found on the mRNA for ONE amino acid • The genetic instructions are ‘written’ in the DNA as a triplet code

  14. Translation NOW Occurs • Translation • Interpretation or Decoding of the protein code from DNA • Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell • NOT THE NUCLEUS • Involves mRNA, as well as, tRNA and rRNA

  15. t-RNA, Slide 1(Transfer RNA) • Carries the specific amino acid to the ribosome. • Each t-RNA will hook up with a codon. • One or more t-RNA for each amino acid. • Attach to the codon and have an area called an ANTI-CODON.

  16. tRNA, Slide 2 • The three letter code on the tRNA is called an Anticodon • This code translates what amino acid should be made

  17. Translation Summary • mRNA from nucleus is ‘read’ along its codons by tRNA’s anticodons at the ribosome in the cytoplasm • tRNA anticodon (nucleotide triplet); brings ONE amino acid

  18. Ribosomes and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) • Ribosomes • Protein factories • Only Non-membrane bound organelle • rRNA • What makes up the ribosomes of the cell. • Found in high concentration in the nucleolus of the cell’s nucleus.

  19. mRNA, tRNA and the ribosome Working Together

  20. Elaborate: Codon Table Activity

  21. Elaborate • DNA Article with Codon Table • Guided Practice using the Codon Table • Building a Protein Synthesis Manipulative

  22. Sequencing Race Begins

  23. Evaluate

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