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The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules. AP Biology Crosby High School. Polymers. Long chains Made of Monomers Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis. Carbohydrates. Monosaccharide Serve as fuel and C source Multiples of CH2O Glucose Fructose Galactose Hexose, Pentose, Triose

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The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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  1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology Crosby High School

  2. Polymers • Long chains • Made of Monomers • Dehydration Synthesis • Hydrolysis

  3. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide • Serve as fuel and C source • Multiples of CH2O • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose • Hexose, Pentose, Triose • Ketose and Aldose

  4. Carbohydrates (cont.) • Formed by glycosidic linkages • Maltose = glucose + glucose • Sucrose = glucose + fructose • Lactose = glucose + galactose

  5. Carbohydrates (still) • Polysaccharides • Storage • Starch • Stored in plastids • Usually helical • Glycogen • Structural • Cellulose

  6. Lipids: Fat • Glycerol and Fatty acids • Hydrophobic • Ester Linkages • Tail: fatty acid • Head: glycerol

  7. Saturated vs. Unsaturated • Saturated • No double bonds • May lead to heart disease • Unsaturated • One or more double bonded C • “Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils”

  8. Lipids: Phospholipids • Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, PO4 group • Hydrophobic tail • Hydrophilic head • Assembly in water • Micelle • Phospholipid Bilayer

  9. Lipids: Steroids • Steroids • Cholesterol • Precursor of steroids • i.e. Sex hormones

  10. Proteins • Polypeptides • Peptide bonds • Amino Acids • Amino group • Carboxyl group • Hydrogen • R group • Two distinct ends • N-terminus • C-terminus

  11. Primary Frederick Sanger (1950) and Sanger Sequencing Secondary Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet Tertiary Hydrophobic interactions Disulfide bridges Quaternary Aggregate of subunits Collagen Proteins Structures

  12. Protein Folding • Denaturation • pH • Salt concentration • Aqeous  organic solvent • Chemicals that disrupt bonds • heat • Chaperonins • X-ray Crystallography

  13. Nucleic Acids • Types • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Ribonucleic Acid • mRNA, tRNA, rRNA • Inheritance • Double helix held together by H bonds

  14. Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds • Parts of nucleotides • Nitrogenous bases • Pyrimidine • Purine • Pentose • DNA • RNA • Phosphate group

  15. Monosaccharides

  16. Storage

  17. Structure

  18. Phospholipids

  19. Non-polar a.a

  20. Polar a.a

  21. Primary Structure

  22. Secondary

  23. Tertiary

  24. Quaternary

  25. Protein Folding

  26. Nucleotide Components

  27. Nucleic Acid

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