DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

1. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

2. Oil Refining GTL - Gas to Liquids

3. 22.35 19.95 14.85 13.35 19.60 20.78 12.75 20.30 10.70 14.34 14.84 14.10 14.31 6.84 14.60 Eastern Europe 20.20 6.03 Western Europe 4.93 6.30 18.58 North America 3.41 2.27 13.09 11.99 Middle East 2.82 1.67 2.93 6.16 5.73 0.79 3.20 5.07 6.70 4.19 5.87 Africa South America Asia and Pacific 1970 1980 1990 1998 2002 Million Barrels Per Day Oil Refining

4. What is Crude Oil? • A huge jumble of Hydrocarbons (Hydrogen + Carbon). • Methane (CH4) right through to C60+ (and everything in between). • Contains plenty of Impurities. Butane Diesel Petrol Jet Water Bitumen Heavy Fuel Silt Salts Organic Acids Oil Refining

5. Bulwer Is - 1965 88,000 bpd Lytton - 1965 105,500 bpd Kwinana - 1955 138,500bpd Clyde - 1928 86,000 bpd Port Stanvac - 1963 78,000 bpd MOTHBALLED Kurnell - 1956 124,500 bpd Altona - 1949 135,000 bpd Geelong - 1954 119,000 bpd Oil Refining

6. finished products tank farm processing plant crude oil tank farm component tankage jetty Oil Refining

7. Refining Processes • Separation • Conversion • Purification • Blending Oil Refining

8. Separation • Removal of Salts • Salts in crude oil will corrode and cause blockage in the plant • They are removed by washing pure water through the oil in the presence of an electrical current • The salts prefers to be in the water as they are soluble. The electric current coalesces, or joins together, small water droplets into bigger ones so that they can ‘drop out’ of the crude oil and be recovered. • Salts are then removed from the water so that the water can be reused Oil Refining

9. Oil Refining

10. Separation • Distillation (fractionation) • Atmospheric occurs in distilling column at or near atmospheric pressure at around 350 - 400OC • Vacuum allows the separation of heavy hydrocarbonswith boiling points of 450OC and higher without them“cracking” Oil Refining

11. Oil Refining CLICK TO PLAY ANIMATION

12. Oil Refining

13. Conversion Catalytic (Cat) Cracking - uses heat and a catalyst to “crack” heavy hydrocarbon fractions Thermal Cracking - uses heat to crack residue from vacuum distillation Hydrocracking - cat cracking in the presence of H2 Oil Refining

14. Cracking in the presence of a catalyst becomes Oil Refining

15. Catalytic Cracker Oil Refining

16. - using heat, pressure and a catalyst to change straight molecules into circular moleculesto make high octane petrol and petrochemical feedstock Catalytic reforming in the presence of a catalyst becomes + Oil Refining

17. Catalytic Reformer Oil Refining

18. Alkylation and polymerisation - joining lighter molecules together to form higher quality petrol, aviation fuels or petrochemicals in the presence of a catalyst becomes Oil Refining

19. Alkylation Oil Refining

20. Purification Hydrotreating - mixing of feedstock with H2 and heating to remove sulphur compounds Oil Refining

21. Oil Refining

22. GTL – GAS TO LIQUIDS

23. GTL - Gas to Liquids

24. GTL - Gas to Liquids

25. STEP ONE Syngas 2CH4 + O2 = 4H2 + 2CO STEP TWO Fischer-Tropsch CO + 2H2 = -CH2- + H2O STEP THREE Separation GTL - Gas to Liquids

26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 GTL - Gas to Liquids

27. Mossel Bay, South Africa GTL - Gas to Liquids

28. Bintulu, Indonesia GTL - Gas to Liquids

29. Escravos, Nigeria GTL - Gas to Liquids

30. GTL - Gas to Liquids

32. Thank you.