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Water Quality Immune Function & Algal Blooms R K Pipe & M Jutson

Water Quality Immune Function & Algal Blooms R K Pipe & M Jutson. Water Quality can be assessed by:. Chemical Analysis Biological Responses Ideally Both. Biological Responses can be measured at different levels of organisation:. Molecules. Cells. Individuals. Populations.

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Water Quality Immune Function & Algal Blooms R K Pipe & M Jutson

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  1. Water Quality Immune Function & Algal Blooms R K Pipe & M Jutson

  2. Water Quality can be assessed by: • Chemical Analysis • Biological Responses • Ideally Both

  3. Biological Responses can be measured at different levels of organisation: Molecules Cells Individuals Populations Communities

  4. Effects measured at molecular and cellular levels can impinge on populations • If they form part of a key function • Reproductive Capacity • Immune Function

  5. Measurement of Immune Function Water Quality • Apparatus for Immunity • Total Blood Cell Counts • Differential Blood Cell Counts • Haemopoietic Tissues • Mechanisms of Immune Defence • Phagocytosis • Blood Cell Proliferation • Release of Antimicrobial Molecules • Efficacy of Immune Response • Susceptibility to Infection

  6. Measurement of Immune Function • Apparatus for Immunity • Total Blood Cell Counts • Differential Blood Cell Counts • Haemopoietic Tissues

  7. Measurement of Immune Function • Mechanisms of Immune Defence • Phagocytosis • Blood Cell Proliferation • Release of Antimicrobial Molecules

  8. Measurement of Immune Function • Efficacy of Immune Response • Susceptibility to Infection

  9. Measurement of Immune Function Field studies have shown correlations between assays of immune function and tissue levels of specific contaminants

  10. Measurement of Immune Function Local studies have shown differences between immune parameters from contaminated sites compared with clean reference sites

  11. Measurement of Immune Function Summary of Potential in Assessing Water Quality • A wide range of assays can measure immune function at different levels of organisation • Laboratory and field studies have shown these assays to be responsive and to correlate with disease susceptibility • Laboratory and field studies have shown correlations between contaminant levels and these assays

  12. Algal Blooms There are more than 3000 species of Marine Phytoplankton showing an enormous diversity in size and form

  13. Algal Blooms • Of the >3000 species at least 300 are able to form harmful blooms • With more than 40 species able to produce biotoxins • Studies show increasing numbers of: • toxic species • toxins produced • geographic areas affected • fisheries, aquaculture and tourism affected • higher economic losses

  14. Algal Blooms Conditions resulting from toxic algal blooms include: • Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)causative organisms: Pseudo-nitzschia sp. • Toxin produced: Domoic Acid • ASP characterised by both gastrointestinal and neurological disorders • Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)causative organisms: Dinophysis spp. • Toxin produced: Okadaic Acid • DSP characterised by gastrointestinal symptoms. • Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)causative organisms: Alexandrium spp.,Gymnodinium catenatum, Pyrodinium bahamense • Toxins produced: Saxitoxins • PSP characterised by neurological symptoms

  15. Algal Blooms Plymouth Algal Culture Collection: • Forms a living research collection of marine microalgae • Established by E.J. Allen and T.C. Nelson in 1910 • The main collection consists of some 250 strains from 70 genera • In addition we hold some 250 Emiliania huxleyii clones • The cultures are maintained in liquid culture with regular sub-culturing • The Collection distributes approximately 400 culture strains per year

  16. Algal Blooms Potential for Plymouth Algal Culture Collection to facilitate research on algal blooms • Identification of Species • Repository for Strains • Culture of Strains • Algal Physiology Research • Training Workshops

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