World History, Chapter 23

1. World History, Chapter 23 Reforms, Revolutions, and War

2. 23.1 Reforms in the British Empire • In 1800, landowning aristocrats made up most of Parliament • Some industrial cities had no representatives at all • Only wealthy male property owners could vote; public office restricted to men of wealth

4. Changes in the British Empire • Beyond Britain, people living in other parts of the British Empire were also moved by the spirit of reform. • In the mid-1800s people in Ireland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand took steps to rule themselves.

5. Ireland • Policies created to help British industry hurt Irish agriculture • Mid-1800s, potato crop failed several times, left many with no food, no income, evicted from homes • During the years of the famine, about 1 million people starved, about 1.5 million others emigrated—many to the United States. • Irish began to fight for change. Some wanted independence, others home rule within United Kingdom • Ireland did not receive limited self-government until 1920

6. Canada • Britain’s colonies in Canada very different • Some mainly French-speaking, others mainly English-speaking • Diversity created lack of unity, led to calls for reform • 1837, rebellions in Canadian colonies convinced British reform necessary • 1867, Parliament granted colonies power to govern selves • Canada become dominion, self-governing colony; continued to expand westward

7. Australia • Since 1700s, Britain had used Australia as place to send criminals • Mid-1800s, other colonists began to settle there, attracted by copper, gold deposits • 1901, Britain granted self-rule to Commonwealth of Australia; established own parliament but remained part of British empire

8. New Zealand • British government made agreement with local Maori people, land in exchange for self-rule • New Zealand became a dominion of Great Britain • 1893, New Zealand became first country to give women the vote

9. 23.2 Revolution and Change in France • During the 1800s opposing groups in France struggled to determine what kind of government France would have—a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy. • At the end of the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne. • The French had a constitution and a legislature, but most power remained with the king.

10. The Revolution of 1830 • Charles X inherited throne with death of brother, Louis XVIII • Tried to rule as absolute monarch • Citizens revolted, Revolution of 1830 • Charles abdicated, fled to England • Moderate liberals formed constitutional monarchy • Chose Louis Philippe new king • Popular with middle class

11. Louis Philippe • Increased number of voters, but only extended vote to more wealthy citizens • Limited freedom of press • rule became increasingly repressive • silenced most who opposed him • working people grew poorer • middle class and aristocracy became more prosperous • Popularity deteriorated rapidly with economic depression of 1846

12. The Revolution of 1848 • The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered until 1848. • Middle- and working- class protesters took to streets • Louis Philippe abdicated • New government formed, a republic headed by a president • Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon

13. Second Republic • Era known as Second Republic; First Republic existed between French Revolution, reign of Napoleon • Revolution of 1848 had far-reaching effects: • ensured all adult men had right to vote • fueled new women’s rights movement • inspired other European revolutions

14. New Constitution • French constitution allowed president to serve four years • Louis Napoleon wanted to remain in office • 1851, sent troops to Paris, arrested members of National Assembly who opposed him • Called for national vote on drafting new constitution • 1852, French elected him Emperor Napoleon III

15. Period became known as Second Empire • Napoleon III made reforms such as increasing voting rights but always kept absolute power as emperor • Ruled during time of economic prosperity • Built many miles of railroads, helped increase trade and improved communications in France

16. The Third Republic • War with Prussia • 1870, Napoleon III drew France into war with Prussia • Napoleon III captured, surrendered to Prussians • Deposed • Defeat led French Assembly to depose Napoleon III • Proclaimed Third Republic • Siege of Paris • New republic immediately faced crisis • Prussians invaded France, began siege of Paris • Important Reforms • Primary education available for children 6 - 13 • Trade unions legalized, working hours reduced, workers got one day off per week

17. The Dreyfus Affair • Divisions continued to split French society • 1894, divisions came to head over the Dreyfus Affair, revealing extent of French anti-Semitism (prejudice toward Jews) • Alfred Dreyfus, captain in French army, Jewish • Falsely accused of betraying military secrets to Germany • Anti-Semitic officers knew he was not guilty, let Dreyfus take blame • Evidence suggested another, non-Jewish, officer may have been spy, but found not guilty in court • Zionism movement began, called for re-creation of a Jewish state in original homeland

18. 23.3 Latin America • The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom.

19. Haiti • Saint Domingue was the first Latin American territory to break ties with Europe • Sugar exports made Saint Domingue one of France’s richest possessions. Prosperity built on slave labor • Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen gave vote to all free men, including mulattoes • French settlers on Saint Domingue resisted new law • Toussaint L’Ouverture led bloody revolt against settlers • Revolutionaries declared independence from France; named new country Haiti

20. Mexico • 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo called for the peasants to revolt against the peninsulares, not against Spain • began the revolution • After death of Hidalgo, Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement • Morelos wanted independence from Spain and an "American" identity to unify all people born in Mexico

21. Mexico (cont.) Agustin de Iturbide • Asked by Spanish authorities to lead final battle against revolutionaries. They believed he could end Mexican independence movement • Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away some of his power so he decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries • Iturbide wanted to create an independent monarchy, give creoles and peninsulares equal rights, make the Roman Catholic Church the official church of Mexico • Brokered a compromise which brought together many different groups; creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists • In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain

22. Simon Bolivar • Bolivar had dream for newly independent South America • Wanted to form one large, united country called Federation of the Andes • Dream never became reality • Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador • Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, other places

23. José de San Martin • Had fought against Napoleon in Spain • Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country rising up against Spanish rule • Eventually led independence movement in Argentina and most of southern South America

24. John VI in Brazil • 1807, Portuguese king John VI, family, fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal • Status of colony raised having Portuguese monarch there • John VI named Rio de Janeiro capital of Portuguese empire • Allowed Brazil to trade directly with world, rather than through Portugal

25. Pedro I • John VI returned to Portugal after revolution, 1820 • Left son Pedro to rule Brazil • Brazilian-born colonists began to protest colonial status • Transition happened smoothly, little violence • 1822, Prince Pedro declared Brazil independent, was crowned Emperor Pedro I