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This chapter explores the tumultuous movements for change driven by nationalism and revolution across Latin America, Africa, and Asia in the early 20th century. It details the impact of Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship in Mexico, the rise of leaders like Francisco Madero and Emiliano Zapata, and the reforms of the 1917 Constitution. The section also addresses nationalist movements in Africa and the Middle East, including Turkish and Iranian revolutions, and the quest for self-rule in India led by Mohandas Gandhi. Lastly, it discusses the Chinese Republic's struggles and Japan's aggressive expansion.
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Section 1: Struggle for Change in Latin America • Porfirio Diaz, dictator of Mexico and ruled fir 35 years. • Welcomed foreigners. • Most Mexicans lived in poverty • Demands for land were ruthlessly crushed by police. • Miners became angry and restless.
The Battle Begins • Fransisco Madero, a liberal informer, demanded free elections in 1910. • He was imprisioned by Diaz and later hosted the flag revolt. • Emiliano Zapata led peasant revolt.
Reforms • Constitution of 1917 adressed: 1. land 2. religion 3. labor • Nationalization- government takeover • Gave women some protection. Women were entitled to the same pay as men.
The PRI-> Intitutional Revolutionary Party. • Managed to accommadate all groups in Mexican society. • Three causes of the Mexican Revolution 1. Demands for land 2. Poverty 3. Meager Wages
Section 2: Nationalist Movement in Africa and The Middle East. • In Kenya and Rhodesia, white settlers forced Africans off their land. • European could only grow crops not the Africans. • Some settled illegally on white plantations. • Best jobs went to Europeans. • Kikuyu, protested the loss of their land. • Apartheid- a system of racial segregation.
Turkey and Iran • Turkish nationalists overthrew the sultan and declared it a republic. • Ataturk- “father of the Turks” replaced Islamic law with a new code based on European models. • Reza Khan overthrew the Shah and built factories, roads, and railroads.
Arab Nationalism and European Mandates • Pan-Arabism sought to free Aabs from foreign domination.
Section 3: India Seeks Self-Rule • Mohandas Gandhi tried to set up his own law practice and fought laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa. • His ideas inspired Indians of all religions and background. • Civil Disobedience- the refusal to obey unjust laws.
The Salt March • Gandhi wrote to the British viceroy explaining his motives and goals to break the law. • Marched to the sea. • Thousands went to prision. • Stories formed that said police brutally clubed peaceful marchers. • Complete independence was not granted until 1947.
Section 4: The Chinese Republic. • Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911. • Sun Yixan stepped down as president and hoped Yuan Shikai would restore order and create a strong central government. • As rivals battled, the economy collapsed and millions suffered.
Japan presented Yuan with Twenty-one demands which sought to make China a Japanese protectorate. • Japan thought they were “selling out” at Versailles and blamed the government. • They wanted to raise an army, defeat warloads, and spread the government to rule all of China. • After Sun’s death, Jiang Jieshi took over and marched into Northern China capturing Beijing.
Slide 3:Japanese Invasions. • In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in North eastern China. • They attacked China’s proper.
Section 5: Empire of the Rising Sun • All adult men and women had the right to vote. • By 1920, the powerful business leaders influenced politics through donations to political parties. • Problems faced: 1. economy grew more slowly 2. rural peasants enjoyed none of the prosperity of city-dwellers. 3. attracted Marx’s ideas.
