1. Creating Cultural Heritage Nicolas Peterson Australian National University

2. Cultural landscapes • Appreciation of landscape developed 16-19th centuries (Raymond Williams 1972) • Focus on idea of nature: • With expansion of agriculture and growth of industrial revolution • Which brought increased intervention in ‘nature’ entailing the separation from it (ie facilitated development of a binary contrast nature-culture • Led to growing appreciation of the countryside as spectacle to be enjoyed • Hence emphasis on landscape painting • Key work by the historian W.G. Hoskings. 1955. ‘The making of the English landscape’ • Not clear when ‘cultural landscape’ as term first used but an early user: Carl Sauer (1963:343)

3. Although, of course anthropologists, geographers and historians long writing about aspects of this in various ways • Became internationally significant 1993: • UNESCO World Heritage listing criteria expanded to recognised: ASSOCIATIVE LANDSCAPES • 1990 Tongariro National Park listed for natural values (cultural mentioned) • 1193 resubmitted under new associative (cultural) criteria • Recognition of cultural criteria ‘justifiable by virtue of the powerful religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural elements rather than material cultural evidence which may be insignificant or absent’ • Uluru • 1987 listed for natural values • 1994 Re-inscribed on World Heritage list as an associative landscape: The second place to be included on the list!

4. Cultural v Social Mapping • Cultural mapping: • HABITAT MAPPING: Social, economic and political relations • ARETFACT MAPPING: Modifications to landscape • IDEATIONAL MAPPING: How the landscape is saturated with meaning • PLACE MAPPING: Space as a location for human actions Not static: process a key aspect of its significance • Social mapping: • Comes from development literature • Collecting information about customary land and resource use and ownership • Plus associated social structure and groupings Differs from an ethnographic monograph account because not driven by theoretical concerns and to serve a non-academic readership

5. References • L. Goldman 2000. Social mapping. In Social impact analysis: an applied anthropology manual (ed) L. Goldman. Oxford: Berg. • R. Layton and S. Titchen 1995. Uluru: outstanding Australian Aboriginal cultural landscape. In Cultural landscapes of universal value (eds) B. Von Droste, H. Plachter and M. Rossler . Germany: Gustav Fischer. • C. Sauer. 1963. The morphology of landscape. In Land and life: a selection of the writings of Carl Sauer (ed) J. Leighly. Berkeley: University of California Press. • N. White. Meaning and metaphor in Yolngu landscapes, Arnhem Land , northern Australia. In Disputed territories: land culture and identity in settler societies (eds) D. Trigger and G. Griffith. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. • R. Williams. 1972. Ideas of nature. In Ecology, the shaping of inquiry (ed) J. Benthall. London: Longmans.