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Chapter 1 Doing Physics

Chapter 1 Doing Physics. Measurement We measure things (such as weight, time, length, speed, etc.) We use tools (rulers, clocks, speedometers, etc.) to measure things Measurement tools are calibrated Calibration is in units (inches, seconds, pounds, mph’s, etc.)

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Chapter 1 Doing Physics

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  1. Chapter 1 Doing Physics

  2. Measurement • We measure things (such as weight, time, length, speed, etc.) • We use tools (rulers, clocks, speedometers, etc.) to measure things • Measurement tools are calibrated • Calibration is in units (inches, seconds, pounds, mph’s, etc.) • Units require standards (conventional, habitual, customary)

  3. Modern standards • Not all quantities in nature are independent (e.g., speed is distance per time) • Standards are created for independent (base) quantities: length, time, mass, + some other • Modern day standards should be as invariable as possible • Should be uniformly defined • Should be accessible

  4. SI (Systéme Internacional) – most accepted international system of units • Adopted in 1971 • Is commonly known as metric system • Standard units are (there are more): • 1 m (meter) for length • 1 s (second) for time • 1 kg (kilogram) for mass • All other SI units are defined as derivatives of the base units (e.g., energy: 1 J (Joule) = 1 kg x 1 m2 / s2)

  5. Length • SI unit – m (meter) • Initially adopted as one ten-millionth of a distance between the North pole and the equator (standard – platinum-iridium bar) • Currently - a modern standard: • 1 m = the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second

  6. Time • SI unit – s (second) • Historically • 1 s = 1 / 8640 day • Currently - a modern standard: • 1 s = the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cs133 atom

  7. Time • SI unit – s (second) • Historically • 1 s = 1 / 8640 day • Currently - a modern standard: • 1 s = the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cs133 atom

  8. Mass • SI unit – kg (kilogram) • Historically 1 kg – • mass of 1 liter of water • Initially adopted in prototype of the kilogram was made of platinum-iridium and declared: “This prototype shall henceforth be considered to be the unit of mass” • Currently - an alternative modern standard: • 1 kg = mass of C12 atom * 1026 / 1.99264824 • (Don’t confuse mass and weight: 1 kg is the same on the Earth and on the Moon)

  9. Scientific notation 237 000 000 s = = 2.37 x 108 s = = 2.37 E8 s 0.0000664 m = = 6.64 x 10-5 m = = 6.64 E-5 m

  10. SI system prefixes Examples: 1.25E4 J = 12.5 kJ 2.34 x 10-10 s = 0.234 ns

  11. Good SI web resource: • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) • http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/

  12. Conversion of units • Need to know a conversion factor • Use chain-link conversion • (Check Appendix C for SI conversion factors)

  13. Conversion of units

  14. Conversion of units

  15. Chapter 1 Problem 24 Highways in Canada have speed limits of 100 km/h. How does this compare with the 65 mi/h speed limit common in the United States?

  16. Order of magnitude • Order of magnitude is the power of 10 that applies • Divide the number by the power of 10 • Compare the remaining value to 3.162 ( ) • If the remainder is less than 3.162, the order of magnitude is the power of 10 in the scientific notation • If the remainder is greater than 3.162, the order of magnitude is one more than the power of 10 in the scientific notation

  17. Chapter 1 Problem 39 The average American uses electrical energy at the rate of about 1.5 kilowatts (kW). Solar energy reaches Earth’s surface at an average rate of about 300 watts on every square meter. What fraction of the United States’ land area would have to be covered with 20% efficient solar cells to provide all of our electrical energy?

  18. Questions?

  19. Answers to the even-numbered problems • Chapter 1 • Problem 18: • 15.6 m/s • 51.3 ft/s

  20. Answers to the even-numbered problems Chapter 1 Problem 52: 42 km

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