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Understanding the Chemistry of Life: Matter, Water, and Organic Compounds

This unit explores the fundamental concepts of biochemistry, focusing on the building blocks of life. It discusses matter, atoms, and the role of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Key topics include elements, compounds, and mixtures, as well as the special properties of water that make it essential for life. The interaction of acids, bases, and the significance of pH is examined, along with organic compounds such as carbohydrates and lipids. This foundational knowledge is vital for understanding biological processes.

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Understanding the Chemistry of Life: Matter, Water, and Organic Compounds

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  1. Unit III - Biochemistry Chemistry of Life

  2. I. What is everything made of? a(an) – no/not tom – to cut • Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space • Atoms – basic unit of matter; made of… • Protons – positive charge • Neutrons – no charge • Electrons – negative charge

  3. I. What is everything made of? a(an) – no/not tom – to cut a(an) – no/not tom – to cut iso - equal Isotopes – atoms of same element, but have different # of neutrons (some are heavier, but otherwise behave the same)

  4. I. What is everything made of? Element – substance made up of only one type of atom; (stuff on the periodic table!) sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl)

  5. I. What is everything made of? Compound – two or more atoms chemically joined together Sodium chloride (NaCl; table salt)

  6. I. What is everything made of? REACTANTS  PRODUCTS sodium (Na) + chlorine (Cl)  sodium chloride (table salt) Compounds are made through chemical reactions…new substances are made

  7. I. What is everything made of? • Mixture – two or more compounds physically joined together • Solution – one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent) • Suspension – large particles settle at the bottom

  8. I. What is everything made of? • Mixtures are not “new” substances…they are just rearranged physically

  9. Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M (element, compound, or mixture) • 1. oil • 2. wood • 3. water • 4. carbon • 5. starch • 6. shampoo • 7. air • 8. silicon • 9. sugar • 10. cookies • 11. copper

  10. Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M (element, compound, or mixture) • 1. oil - C • 2. wood - M • 3. water - C • 4. carbon - E • 5. starch - C • 6. shampoo - M • 7. air - M • 8. silicon - E • 9. sugar - C • 10. cookies - M • 11. copper - E

  11. II. Water • A. Why is Water Important to Organisms? • Bathes cells • In cytoplasm • Needed for chemical reactions • Used for transport • Holds/transfers heat

  12. II. Water B. How does water’s structure relate to its function? 1. Water is polar – slight positive & negative charge on opposite ends of molecule

  13. II. Water hydro- water • 2. water’s charged sides attract to other molecules with charges • These are called hydrogen bonds • Are weaker than ionic/covalent, but they add up! • water’s special traits due to these!

  14. II. Water • Water has many special properties, most of which occur because of the hydrogen bonding • As you go through each of the properties be sure to look for 3 things: • Definition of the property • Why the property happens • Why the property is important to organisms

  15. II. Water 3. special properties: a. surface tension – forms strong layer b. cohesion– water sticks to self well co - together

  16. II. Water 3. special properties: c. adhesion– water sticks to other stuff d. capillarity– water “climbs” up thin tubes

  17. II. Water 3. special properties: e. good solvent– water dissolves many substances ~ water will dissolve things that have charges (polar & ionic compounds)

  18. II. Water 3. special properties: f. high specific heat– - water holds its heat very well - hard to change its temperature

  19. II. Water 3. special properties: g. high heat of vaporization– - when water does change its temperature (higher) it “carries” heat with it

  20. II. Water • 3. special properties: h.ice floats on water - solid H2O takes up more space, so less dense

  21. III. Acids & Bases 1. pH scale: 0-14 2. neutral = pH 7 3. acid = pH < 7 4. base = pH >7 * the closer to 7, the weaker it is

  22. III. Acids & Bases • 5. buffers – keep pH stable • Cells will be harmed if pH too high or low

  23. IV. Organic Compounds mono - one poly - many Organic compounds come from organisms All include very large molecules (polymers) that are built from smaller units called monomers

  24. IV. Organic Compounds hydr – water syn - together • There is a standard way of building polymers out of monomers • To join monomers together, water is removed • Called dehydration synthesis

  25. IV. Organic Compounds hydr – water lys - burst • There is a standard way of breaking polymers apart into their monomers • To break polymers apart, water is added • Called hydrolysis

  26. IV. Organic Compounds A. Carbohydrates • 1. examples • Glucose (sugar) - cell energy • Glycogen– how animals store extra glucose • Starch – how plants store extra glucose • Cellulose – makes up cell walls of plants; dietary fiber • Chitin– makes up cell walls of fungi/insect exoskeletons

  27. IV. Organic Compounds A. Carbohydrates mono- one poly- many sacchar- sugar 2. structure monosaccharide:polysaccharide: (monomer) (polymer)

  28. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids tri- three glyc- sugar • 1. examples – • Triglycerides– fats, oils, waxes • Steroids- hormones • Phospholipids – make up cell membrane

  29. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 2. structure – nonpolar (do not like water); monomer is the fatty acid chain fats:steroids:

  30. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types saturated fats– hold as much H as possible; solid at room temp; animal fats

  31. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types unsaturated fats– missing H due to multiple bonds; liquid at room temp; plant oils

  32. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types – phospholipids: have polar side & nonpolar side; make up cell membrane

  33. IV. Organic Compounds C. Nucleic Acids 1. examples: DNA, RNA (genetic material) 2. function – hereditary info 3. monomer is the nucleotide:

  34. IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins • 1. examples: numerous! • (major structural unit of body… muscles, skin, tendons, etc.) • 2. functions–structure, enzymes, hormones,…

  35. IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 3. monomer is the amino acid:

  36. IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 3. structure – simple proteins: complex proteins: ex: used to build ex: chemical reactions

  37. IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 4. enzyme action – allows rxns to occur faster - every rxn in body has at least 1 enzyme - missing enzyme = defect - high heat and extreme pH will “break” them

  38. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 1. An example of an element would be: A. Ne B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. H2O 2. Which of the following is the weakest? A. ionic bonds C. hydrogen bonds B. electrovalent bonds D. covalent bonds

  39. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 3. Most of water’s special properties are due to the fact that it is – A. polar B. neutral C. covalent D. nonpolar 4. Ringed lipids are called - A. triglycerides C. steroids B. phospholipids. D. both B and C.

  40. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 5. When your body has too much glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. Glucose is a ____, or building block, of many ____. A. monomer…triglycerides B. monomer…carbohydrates C. polymer…proteins D. polymer…nucleic acids

  41. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 6. Unsaturated fats: A. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold B. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms C. are usually solids at room temperature D. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atoms

  42. The End

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