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Understanding Organic Compounds: From Structure to Function in Biochemistry

This unit explores the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry, focusing on key organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Learn how carbon forms covalent bonds and the significance of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides in energy provision. Discover the structure and function of lipids, and the essential roles amino acids play in protein synthesis via peptide bonds. Additionally, delve into the properties of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and their importance in cellular processes, alongside understanding pH and buffer systems in biological contexts.

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Understanding Organic Compounds: From Structure to Function in Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry – Unit 2

  2. Physical Vs Chemical Change

  3. Organic Chemistry • Organic = it contains carbon, or was once alive.

  4. Organic Chemistry Carbon can covalently bond with up to four other atoms.

  5. Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  6. Carbohydrates • Contain: Carbon / Hydrogen & Oxygen • Provide energy for the organism • Ratio: 1:2:1 • Monosaccharides = 1 sugar • Disaccharides = 2 sugars • Polysaccharides = 3 sugars

  7. Monosaccharides = C6H12O6 • = “one sugar” • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose • These are ISOMERS = same chemical formula different structural formula

  8. Monosaccharides

  9. Disaccharides

  10. Polysaccharides

  11. How do monosaccharides make a disaccharide or polysaccharide? • It’s “dehydrated” – a WATER molecule is removed – often called condensation or dehydration synthesis.

  12. Polysaccharides

  13. Hydrolysis • In a reaction opposite to dehydration, a water molecule can be added to split a polymer in two: Hydrolysis • Think of chewing a Saltine cracker

  14. Animations: Campbell

  15. LIPIDS

  16. Lipids • Lipids are molecules that have a Glycerol molecule… • Connected to three fatty acid chains hydrocarbon chains. • Lipids are NON polar.

  17. LIPIDS Three Fatty Acids Glycerol

  18. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

  19. Proteins • Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. • A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis. • They contain: C, H, O & N (Nitrogen)

  20. Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA(the fourth type of Organic Compound) • Most cells contain DNA /RNA • Nucleic Acids are made up of long chain of nucleotides • Nucleotides are made up of three parts: • Sugar • Base • Phosphate group

  21. RNA molecule

  22. DNA Vs RNA • DNA: • Remains in the nucleus • Has four bases (A,C,T,G) • Double Stranded • RNA: • Can go from nucleus to cytoplasm • Has four bases (A,C,U,G) • Single Stranded

  23. Enzymes

  24. ATP = Adenosine triphosphate • A high energy molecule • “ENERGY CURRENCY” of cells • When food is broken down – it is converted to ENERGY = ATP

  25. pH – measures the concentration of H+ ions in solution

  26. Acid Vs Base • Acid – pH value of: 0 - 6.9 (red litmus) • Base – pH value of: 7.1 – 14 (blue litmus) • Neutral = 7 • Buffer: a substance that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added

  27. Level Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Description The amino acid sequence Helices and Sheets Disulfide bridges Multiple polypeptides connect Protein Structure

  28. Animations • Carbs: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QckfYvIlVu4 • Lipids: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_LK9pnL0&feature=channel • Proteins: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-ctkPUUpUc&feature=relmfu

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