CH. 11-3 THE WAR BEHIND THE LINES

1. CH. 11-3 THE WAR BEHIND THE LINES AMERICAN HISTORY

2. January 1, 1863—Abraham Lincoln issues document freeing all slaves in areas that were in rebellion—EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION • EMANCIPATON—the act of freeing someone from slavery • Slavery could continue in areas not in rebellion • Some northerners feared emancipation because there would be more competition for jobs in the north THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

3. Overseas, people in Great Britain had not gone for enough in free slaves • Lincoln’s action ended any hope of Great Britain helping the south in the war • The British government did not want to take the side of a slave power in a war that was now about ending slavery.

4. Enslaved African Americans made important contribution to the war effort • Before emancipation, thousands of slaves escaped with the help of Union Troops • FREEDMAN—emancipated slaves • African American soldiers served in segregated units led by white officers • Nearly 180,000 African Americans served in the Union armies • Black troops took part in more than 200 battles • More than 38,000 African Americans died AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE WAR

5. WARTIME MEDICINE • No vaccinations or antibiotics for mumps, measles, and smallpox. • Soldiers who escapes infectious diseases often contracted dysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever • At times as many as 1/3 of the army was too sick to fight • European doctors were learning about bacteria but Union doctors didn’t have then information LIFE IN THE MILITARY

6. Doctors often went days without washing their instruments, or their hands • “Minnie Ball” (heavy lead bullet) inflicted great damage to soldiers • Shots to the arm or leg resulted in shattered bones and infection • President Lincoln created The Sanitary Commission to provide nurses and ambulance drivers to help wounded

7. CAMP LIFE • Soldiers spent about 75% of their time in camp • Conditions were horrible • In wet weather, camps were a sea of mud • In dry weather, clouds of dust occurred • Days in camp were long and boring • Soldiers woke at 5 am in the summer and 6 am in the winter

8. After breakfast, the men took part in up to 5 daily drills • They learned and practiced battlefield maneuvers • Soldiers ate well in the beginning of the war • Rations included bread, fresh or salted pork or beef, coffee, and beans. • Soldiers often added whatever they could find in the area

9. PRISON CAMPS • Both sides didn’t keep many prisoners • Good treatment of prisoners was never a priority • Prisoner exchanges ended as the war progressed • ANDERSONVILLE AND ELMIRA • South erected a stockade in an open field near Andersonville, GA • Capacity was 10,000 but by July 1864 there were over 30,000 union soldiers • About 100 prisoners died in the hot sun daily • Conditions in Elmira, NY were similar

10. THE SOUTHERN HOME FRONT • Shortages in materials made life difficult in the South • A pair of shoes that sold for $18 in 1862 sold for $800 by 1865 • Bread sold for $25 per loaf in some places • Inflation soared because the Confederate Government printed large sums of money • 1863—women looted shops in Richmond, for food, shoes, cloth, etc. LIFE ON THE HOME FRONT

11. THE CONFEDERATE DRAFT • Original enlistment in the south was one year • Confederate Congress created the first military draft in April 1862 • --Volunteer enlistments extended for 2 years • --required 3-year commitments from other white males aged 18-35 • --1864—the year rule was changed to 17-50. • CONSCRIPTION—forced service in the military

12. Governors in Georgia and North Carolina didn’t support the draft • COPPERHEADS AND THE UNION DRAFT • Men could hire a substitute to fight for them • Draft fueled antiwar movements • Opposition supporters were called Peace Democrats • Critics called these people COPPERHEADS (poisonous snake)

13. Government arrested and jailed without trial the most vocal critics of the war • This occurred because Lincoln suspended HABEAS CORPUS (constitutional right of an arrested person to appear in court charged with a crime) • WOMEN IN THE CIVIL WAR • Several hundred disguised themselves as men to fight in the war

14. Women on both sides took over farming, stores, and other businesses • They also served as spies and worked as bankers and steamboat captains. • The need for clothes, shoes, and other supplies created about 100,000 jobs for women in northern factories • CLARA BARTON—founder of the American Red Cross • THE END