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The Nervous System (2 of 2)

The Nervous System (2 of 2). Nervous system terminology: Synapse Presynaptic terminal Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic cleft Neurotransmitters Synaptic vesicles Nerve fibers “Fight or flight” and “Feed or breed”. The Central Nervous System (1 of 2). The central nervous system

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The Nervous System (2 of 2)

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  1. The Nervous System (2 of 2) • Nervous system terminology: • Synapse • Presynaptic terminal • Synaptic cleft • Postsynaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters • Synaptic vesicles • Nerve fibers • “Fight or flight” and “Feed or breed” FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  2. The Central Nervous System(1 of 2) • The central nervous system • Brain and spinal cord • Cerebrum • Left and right • Longitudinal fissure • Lobes • Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  3. t FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  4. The Central Nervous System(2 of 2) FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  5. Cerebral Cortex • Diencephalon • Located between brain stem and cerebrum • Contains thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  6. The Brainstem (1 of 2) • Brainstem • Connects spinal cord and brain • Consists of medulla, pons, and midbrain • Vital for basic body functions • Basal ganglia • Limbic system • Pons • Ascending reticular activating system FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  7. The Brainstem (2 of 2) FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  8. The Cerebellum and Meninges • Cerebellum • Communicates with other regions of the CNS • Cerebellar peduncles • Essential for coordinating muscle movements • Meninges • Encloses the CNS • Dura mater • Arachnoid • Pia mater FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  9. The Spinal Cord • Spinal cord • Continuation of the CNS • Composed of nerve fibers • Extends to the level of L2 • Cauda equina • Vertebral canal • Ascending fibers (afferent tracts) • Action potentials • Descending fibers (efferent tracts) FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  10. The Peripheral Nervous System • Peripheral nervous system • Consists of nerves from CNS to peripheral structures • Ganglia • Spinal nerves • Ventral root, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion • Intervertebral foramen • Dermatomes FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  11. The Plexuses • Cervical plexus • Most important nerve is the phrenic nerve • Brachial plexus • Divided into rami, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches • Axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar • Lumbosacral Plexus • Six major nerves: obturator, femoral, tibial, common peroneal, sciatic, deep peroneal, and superficial peroneal FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  12. The Phrenic Nerve FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  13. The Cranial Nerves (1 of 2) • Cranial nerves • 12 pairs • Functions: • Olfactory (I) – smell • Optic – (II) sight • Oculomotor (III) – motion of the eyeballs/upper lid • Trochlear (IV) – downward gaze • Trigeminal (V) – sensation to scalp, face, and lower jaw FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  14. The Cranial Nerves (2 of 2) • Functions continued: • Abducens (VI) – lateral eye movement • Facial (VII) – facial expression, sense of taste • Vestibulocochlear (VIII) – hearing, balance • Glossopharyngeal (IX) – pharyngeal muscles • Vagus (X) – parasympathetic fibers of thorax/abdominal organs • Spinal accessory (XI) – soft palate • Hypoglossal (XII) – tongue, C1-C3 FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  15. The Optic Nerve FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  16. The Autonomic Nervous System • ANS • Operates without conscious control • Sympathetic and parasympathetic • Terms: sympathetic pathway and adrenal glands • Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons • Separated by ganglionic synapse • Neuroeffector cells FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  17. Neurotransmitters and Receptors • Sympathetic and parasympathetic • Secrete one of two neurotransmitters • Both secrete acetylcholine from preganglionic fibers; diffuse across nicotinic receptors • Acetylcholine destroyed by acetylcholinesterase • Muscarinic receptors • Alpha and beta receptors FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  18. n FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  19. Tissues (1 of 4) • Epithelial tissue and glands • Type of tissue that covers all external body surfaces and forms secreting portions of glands • Lines hollow organs in the body • Provides a protective barrier • Functions in absorption of nutrients • Functions in secretion of body substances FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  20. Tissues (2 of 4) • Connective tissue • Connects other types of tissue together • Extracellular matrix • Adipose tissue • Contains large amounts of lipids • Other types of connective tissues • Aid in formation of blood vessels • Part of the body’s self-defenses FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  21. Tissues (3 of 4) • Muscle Tissue • Located within the substance of the body and invariably enclosed by connective tissue • Classified by structure and function • Structural • Striated or nonstriated • Function • Voluntary and involuntary • Cardiac muscle FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  22. Tissues (4 of 4) • Nerve tissue • Peripheral nerves • All nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord • Exiting from between vertebrae to various parts of the body • Neurons • Main conducting cells of nerve tissue • Dendrites • Axons • Neuroglia FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  23. Integumentary System (1 of 2) • Integumentary system • Outer surface of the body • Skin, nails, hair, and sweat and oil glands • Largest organ in the body; accounts for 15% of body weight • Function of the skin • Protection from the environment • Regulation of body temperature • Transmission of information to the brain FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  24. Integumentary System (2 of 2) • Anatomy of the skin • Epidermis • Subcutaneous tissue • Sebaceous glands • Dermis • Sweat glands • Hair follicles FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  25. Anatomy of the Skin FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  26. The Abdomen • The Abdomen • Second major body cavity • Contains organs of digestion and excretion • Separated by: • Diaphragm, muscular walls, imaginary plane extending from the pubic symphysis through the sacrum • Shares organs with the pelvis (depending on posture) • Quadrants FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  27. Review of Abdominal Quadrants FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  28. The Organs of the Abdomen FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  29. Organs and Vascular Structures (1 of 2) • RUQ • Liver, gallbladder, portion of the colon/small intestine • LUQ • Stomach, spleen, portion of the colon/small intestine • RLQ • Cecum, appendix • LLQ • Descending and sigmoid portions of the colon • Retroperitoneal • Kidneys FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  30. Organs and Vascular Structures (2 of 2) FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  31. Anatomic Landmarks • Landmarks of the abdomen • Costal arch • Umbilicus • Anterior superior iliac spines • Iliac crest • Pubic symphysis • Other structures • Inguinal ligament FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  32. The Digestive System (1 of 2) • How digestion works • Complex chemical process • Anatomy of the digestive system • Mouth • Salivary glands • Oropharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Pancreas FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  33. The Digestive System (2 of 2) • More anatomy of the digestive system • Liver • Bile ducts • Small intestine • Large intestine • Appendix • Rectum FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  34. The Endocrine System • Endocrine system • Made of various glands • Hormones regulate body functions • Targets tissues • Endocrine versus exocrine glands • Prostaglandins • Steroids and thyroid hormones • Negative feedback or positive feedback FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  35. FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  36. The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus (1 of 2) • Pituitary gland • Known as the the “master gland” • Located at the base of the brain • Hypothalamus • Basal portion of diencephalon • Regulates function of pituitary gland FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  37. The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus (2 of 2) • Posterior pituitary lobe • Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin • Constricts blood vessels and raises BP • Target tissue is the kidney • Oxytocin • Causes smooth muscles (uterus) to contract • Lactation • Anterior pituitary lobe • Not considered part of the CNS FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  38. Hormones • Growth hormone • Stimulates growth (long bones) • Produced by hypothalamus • Thyroid-stimulating hormone • Adrenocorticotropic hormone • Corticosteroids stimulated by stress • Reproduction-regulating hormones • Regulate production of eggs and sperm FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  39. The Thyroid Gland • Thyroid • Large gland at the base of the neck • Two lobes connected by the isthmus • Contains follicles filled with thyroglobulin • Between the follicles are parafollicular cells • Produce calcitonin • Thyroid gland produces triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  40. The Parathyroid Glands • Usually four in number • Produce and secrete parathyroid hormone • Maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  41. The Pancreas • Pancreas • Belongs to both endocrine and digestive systems • Retroperitoneum • Produces insulin and glucagon • Islet of Langerhans • Alpha and beta cells • Glycogen FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  42. The Adrenal Glands (1 of 2) • Adrenal glands • Supra-renal glands • Manufacture and secrete certain sex hormones • Medulla • Epinephrine and norepinephrine • Adrenal cortex • Divided into three zones • Aldosterone FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  43. The Adrenal Glands (2 of 2) • Zona fasiculata • Glucocorticoids • Cortisol: regulates blood glucose, metabolizes fat tissue, inhibits inflammation • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis • Regulates secretion of corticosteroids • Zona reticularis • Androgens • Androstendedione FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  44. The Urinary System • Urinary system • Controls the discharge of waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys • Kidneys • Ureter • Urinary bladder • Urethra FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  45. The Urinary System FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  46. The Reproductive Glands and Hormones • Gonads • Testes • Testosterone • Ovaries • Estrogen • Progesterone • Human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG) FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  47. FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  48. The Genital System • Genital system • Controls reproductive processes • Male reproductive system and organs • Testicles, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, and penis • Female reproductive system and organs • Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  49. Fluids and Electrolytes (1 of 2) • Body fluid balance • Total body water averages 50-70% of total body weight • Intracellular and extracellular fluid • Intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid • Fluid balance is the process of maintaining homeostasis through equal intake and output • ADH, thirst, kidneys, and water shifts FGTC 2010 EMT-I

  50. Fluids and Electrolytes (2 of 2) • Acid-base balance • Acids and bases • Alkalotic versus acidotic • pH range 0-14 with 7.0 being neutral • Buffer systems • Act as fast defenses for acid-base challenges • Absorb hydrogen ions when they are in excess • These topics are discussed further in Respiratory and Bleeding and Shock FGTC 2010 EMT-I

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