214

1. ??????? ????????214 ??? ?. ???? ?? ???? 4678426 ??????? ???????? 9-10 11-12 ????? ??????? ???????? hdhafer@ksu.edu.sa

2. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????- ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????

3. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? � ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????

4. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????

5. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????

6. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????

7. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????

8. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????

9. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????

10. ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????

11. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????  ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????

12. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (????? ????, ???????, ???????, ????? ???????? ????? ????????, ????? ????????, ??????? ???????) ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? - ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? - ????? ???? ????????? ??????. - ????? ?????? (??? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ???????) - ???? ???? ?????? ????????

14. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????

15. ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? Class Crustacea ?????? (????? ?????, ???? ?????????) ?????? ??????? ??????? (???????, ??? ?????)

17. ????? ???? ????? ??? Class Diplopoda ????? (25-100) ????? ??????? (??????? ??????? ??????)

19. ???? ?????? ??? Class Chilopoda ?????? ?????? ???????

21. ????? ????????? Class Arachnid ???? ??????? Order Scorpionida ???? ??????????? Order Araneida ???? ?????? ?????? Order Acarina

23. ????? ??????? Class Insecta ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????

24. ???????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? (???????? ?? ????????) ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??: ?????? Cuticle ?????? ???????? Epidermis ?????? ??????? Basement membrane

25. Body wall

28. ?????? ??????? (???????, ????????, ????????????) ?????? ??????? (???????, ????????) ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? Tergum ????? ????? Sternum ??????? ???????? pleuron

29. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????

30. ???????? Moulting ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? Protease and Chitinase ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????

32. ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? (???? ????? ?????? Polysaccharides ??????? ???????? ??? Sclerotin, Resilin, Arthropodins ) ? ?? Sclerotin ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? Quinones, Phenols ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? (????? ??????? ??????), ???????

33. ?????? Sclerotization ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? (????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ???????). ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? physical properties ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????

34. ??????? Coloration 1- ????? ???????? Chemical colours ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? Melanins : ????? ????? ?????? (???? ?????? ???, ????) Carotenoids : ??????? ?? ???? Chlorophyll : ???? Hemoglobin : ????? ??????

35. 2- ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. 3- ????? ???????? ???????: chemico-physical colours ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? 1- ????? light 2- ???????: Temperature ?????? ??????? (????) 3- ???????: Humidity ?????? (????)

36. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? Permeability ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.

37. ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???: ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? Hypognathous Type ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? Prognathous Type ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? Ooisthognathous type

40. ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? (??????) ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (???? ??? ????????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (????? ?????) ??????? (???? ????? ????????)

45. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? 1- ????? ???? Saprophagous (???????) 2- ????? ????? Herbivres (Phytophagous) (?????? ???????). ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? 1- ?????? ???? Unexposed food ????? ?????? Plant Sap ???? ??? (????? ???????). ?? ??????? ?? ??????? Blood ???? ??? (???? ??????) 2- ?????? ????? Exposed ???? ?????: ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????

46. ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? + ???? ???? Nectar & Pollen ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? Predatism 1- ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? : ?? ????? ?????? (????? ??????) 2- ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????: ?? ????? ????????? (???? ??? ????).

47. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? Mandibles ??? ?? ?????? ???????? (??????) Maxillae ??? ???? Labrum ??? ???? Labium ???? (??? ?????) hypopharynx

53. ????? ???? ?????? ????? (????? ??????) ??????: ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? (???? ?????? ????? ??????) ??????? ??????: ????? ????? ??????: ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??????:

54. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? (????) ??????: ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????: ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????: ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????: ??? ??? ??? n ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????: ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????:

55. ???? ???? ????? ??????: ??????? ?????? ?????????: ??????? ????????? ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ??????: ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????.

56. ???? ???? ?????? Rostrum ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? Hyoid Haustellum ????? ??: ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? n ????? ??? ??? ??? U (n+U= ???? ??????) ????? ??????: ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. Labellum : ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? Pseudotracheae ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????.

58. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????: ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????: ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? (????? ???????) ????????? (??????)? ???????? ?????? ????? (??????). ????? ??????: ???? ???? ??????. ????? ??????:

60. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? Walking: ??? ??????? Crawling : ????? Leaping :

61. ??????? ??????? Dytiscidae:

62. ????? ??????? Belostoma:

63. ????? ??????? ?????? Ceratopogonidae

64. ????? ?????? Culicidae :

65. ?????? ????? ???? Ephemeroptera:

66. ?????? ?????? Damselflies:

67. ????? ?????? ?????? Dragonflies:

68. ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? 1- ???? ???? 2- ???? 3- ???? 4- ????? 5- ????? 6- ????? ??? ???? ?????

69.

70. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? (??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????) ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????

71. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? Costa ??? ??? ???? subcosta ??? ????? Redius ??? ???? Media ??? ???? Cubitus ??? ???? Anal ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? Humeral ?????? ????? Radial ?????? ????? Sectorial ????? ???? Radio-medial ?????? ???? Medial ?????? ???? ???? Medio-cubital

73. ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????

80. ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? 10 ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? (two families) ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? 29/3/1428??

81. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??: ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.

82. ?????? ???????? (???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????: 1- ???? ???? ?????? (????? ??????)? 2- ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? 3- ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????: ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????: ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (????? ??????) ??????? (?????? ???????) ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????

83. ????? ????????: ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????: 1- ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? (????? ??????? ?????????) 2- ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? 3- ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? 4- ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? 5- ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? 6- ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????

84. ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????

85. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? - ????? -????? - ???

86. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????

88. ????? ???? 1- ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? 2- ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? 3- ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? 4- ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? 5- ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? 6- ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

89. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 1- ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 2-???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? 3- ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? 4- ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? 5- ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????

92. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? (?????? ???????) ?? ??????? ??????? (??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? (???????? ??????) ???????? ???????: ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????: ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????: ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????: ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? (????? ??????)

93. ?????? ?????? the Nervous system ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? Cell body ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? Axon ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? Dendrites

95. ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? Unipolar ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????

96. ?? ???? ??? ????? Bipolar ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????

97. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????

98. ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? Synapse

99. ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? 1- ???? ???? Sensory neuron: ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 2- ???? ????? Motor neuron: ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????. 3- ???? ????? Association neuron: ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? Ganglia ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????

100. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? 1- ???? Brain: ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????: ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? 2- ????? ??? ?????: ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. 3-

101. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 7 ??? ?? ???????? 5-6 ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????

102. ?????? ????????? (??????) 1- ?????? ????????? ??????? 2- ?????? ????????? ?????? 3- ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????

103. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? Knobs ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? Acetyle choline ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? Choline esterase ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????

104. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ???: 1- ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????. 2- ????? ?????: ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? (???? ??? ???? ?????????) ?????? ?????? (???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????) ??? ??????? (???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????) 3- ????? ???????

105. ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????

106. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????

107. ????? ????????: ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????: ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????: ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????: 1- ??? ?????? 2- ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????

108. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? (1.4) ??? ???? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? = 1.26

109. ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? 1- ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. 2- ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? 3- ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? 4- ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????

111. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????

115. ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????

118. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? 1- ?????? ??? ????? (???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????) (??????? ??? ?????? ?????? 2-3 ???? ???) 2- ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? 3- ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????

119. ??? ?????? Dormancy ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????: ?????? : ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? Hibernation: ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ????????? (?????? ???????) ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? Diapause: ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? - ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????: 1- ?????? ???????: (????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????) 2- ???????: ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????. 3- ??????: ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????

120. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???: 1- ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? 2- ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? 3- ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????

121. ????? ??????? Taxonomy ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? Aristotle 384-322 ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????

122. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? Binomial nomenclature ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ........ Linnaeus Brauer ??? 1885 ??? ??????? ??? ????? Apterygota ? pterygota Sharp 1899 ??? ??? ?????? Borner 1904 ??????? ??????? pterygota ??? Exopterygota ? Endopterygota 1908 ???? Handlirsh ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? 1925 ??? Martinov ??????? ??????? ??? Palaeoperan ? Neopteran orders

123. ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? Order ??? ????? Families ??? ????? Genera ??? species ????? ????? Suporper Superorder ????? ???????

124. Insect Classification????? ???????:??????? ????????? Kingdom Animalia

125. Endopeterygota ??? ??? ????? ???????: Neuroptera ???? ????? ??????? Coleoptera ???? ????? ??????? Strepsiptera ???? ?????? ??????? Mecoptra ???? ???? ?????? Trichoptera ???? ????? ??????? Lepidoptera ???? ?????? ??????? Diptera ???? ??? ???????? Siphenoptera ???? ????? ??????? Hymenoptera ???? ?????? ??????? Exopterygota ??? ??? ????? Ephemeroptera ???? ????? ???? Odonata ???? ???????? Dictyoptera ???? ???????? Dermaptera ???? ????? ??????? Orthoptera ???? ??????? ??????? Isoptera ???? ??????? ??????? Embioptera ???? ?????? ??????? Plecoptera ???? ????? ??????? Zoraptera ???? ????? ??????? Psocoptera ???? ??? ????? Mallophage ???? ????? ?????? Siphunculata ???? ????? ????? Thysanoptera ???? ????? ??????? Hemiptera ???? ????? ???????

126. ???? ????? ???? Ephemeroptera Order: ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? 2000 ??? ????? ?? ????? 200 ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ???????: ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????

127. ???? ???????? Odonata Order: ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? (???????): ??? ???? (?????) ?????? ?????? Sub Order: Anisoptera (Dragonflies) ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? Suborder: Zygoptera ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????: ???? ?? ???????? ???????

128. ???? ???????? ???? ????? Order : Dictyoptera ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? Ootheca ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????: ??? ???? ???????? Suborder: Blattodea ???? ???? ??? ????? Sub order: Mantodea

129. ???? ????? ??????? Order: Dermaptera ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? (Earwings) ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ???? � ????? � ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.

130. ???? ??????? ??????? Order: Orthoptera ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????: Suborder: Caelifera ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? 30 ????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? �?? ???? � ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? Family: Acrididae ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? 5 ??? ??? ???? ?? 25 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? Family: Tetrigidae ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? 2 ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????

131. ??? ???? Suborder: Ensifera ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? � ?? ????- ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? Family: Gryllidae ?????? ????? Family: Gryllotalpidae ?????? Family: Tettigoniidae ?????? ?? ?????? ???????

132. ???? ???????? ??????? Order: Isoptera ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 100 ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????: ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (?? ??? ??? 25 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? (????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????????: ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????: ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????

133. ????: ?????? ??????? Embioptera ???? ???? ????????? ????? (4-8??)? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ???. ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????.

134. ????: ?????? ??????? Plecoptera ???? ???? ????? ??????? : ????? ??? ?????? (5-60??) ????? ??????? ????? ????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ????????? ???? (???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????) ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ???. ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????.

135. ???? ??? ????? Order: Psocoptera ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? 5-6 ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1-2 ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? 1-3 ??? ?????? ??????

136. ???? ????? ?????? Order: Mallophaga ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????

137. ???? ????? ????? Order: Siphunculata (Anoplura) ???? ????? 225 ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? 12 ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? 4-5 ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????

138. ???? ????? ??????? Order: Thysanoptera ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? (???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????) ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????.

139. ???? ????? ??????? Order: Hemiptera ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????

140. ???? ??????? ??????? Order: Homoptera ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????

141. ??? ?????? ??????? Endopterygota???? ????? ?????? Order: Mecoptera (Scorpionflies) ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????

142. ???? ?????? ??????? Order Lepidoptera ????: ?????? ??????? Order: Lepidoptera ????????? ????????? Butterflies and moths ???? ???? ?????? ???????: ????? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? (??? 464). ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? (??? 465). ?????? ????.

143. Sub order Rhopalocera ?????????: ???? ????????? : ??? ????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????

144. Sub order: Heterocera ???????? Moths ???? ????????: ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????. ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? (??????? ??????? ??????? ??????). ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????.

145. ????: ??? ???????? Order: Diptera ?????? Flies ???? ???? ??? ????????: ??? ???? ?? ??????? (??????? ????????)? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ????????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????. ?????? ????.

146. ??? ????: ???????????? Suborder: Nematocera ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????????: ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????????? ????? (???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????). ???? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????: ?????: ????????? Family: Culicidae ?????? ??????? (521 � 523) ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????. ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.

147. ??? ????: ????????? Suborder: Brachycera ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????: ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ????????? ???? (???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????) ??? 3-5 ???. ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?????: ??????? Family: Asilidae ?????? ?????? ?????: ?????? Family: Mydidae ????? ????? ?????: ??????? Family: Tabanidae ????? ????? ??????? ?????: ???????? Family: Bombyliidae ???? ?????

148. ??? ????: ????????? Subordery Cyclorrhapha ?????? ????? ???????? Cyclorrhaphons flies ???? ??? ???? ?????????: ??? ????????? ????? (???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????). ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ?????: ?????? Family: Syrphidae ???? ??????? ?????: ???????? Family: Conopidae ?????? ???? ????? ?????: ???????? Family: Tachinidae ????? ????????? ?????: ?????????? Family: Calliphoridae ?????? ?????? ?????: ??????????? Family: Sarcophagidae ???? ????? ?????: ??????? Family: Muscidae ?????? ???????

149. ????: ????? ??????? Order: Siphonaptera ???????? Fleas ???? ???? ????? ???????: ????? ????? (8?? ?? ???). ??????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ????????? ???? (???? ?? ??? ?????) ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ????.

150. ?????: ????????? Family: Pulicidae ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? 2-6 ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????: ????????????? Family: Dolichopsyllidae ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ????? 2-6 ???? ???????? ?? ???????.

151. ????: ?????? ??????? Order: Hymenoptera????? ? ????? ? ???????? ???????  ???? ???? ?????? ???????: ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ????????? ?? 10 ??? ?? ????. ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? (????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ). ????? ???? ?? ??? ???. ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ????.

152. ???????? ????????? ??? ????: ??????? Suborder: Symphyta ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? : ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? (?????? : ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????). ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????.

153. ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????: ???????? Suborder: Apocrita ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????: ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????: ??????????? Family: Ichneumonidae ?????? ?????????? ?????: ????????? Family: Braconidae ?????? ?????????? ?????: ?????? Family: Vespidae ???????? ?????????? ?????: ????? Family: Apidae ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????: ????????? Family: Formicidae ????? Ants