World War I and Post War World

1. World War I and Post War World Alice F. Short Hilliard Davidson High School Unit 4

2. WWI – Day 1 Outline • Content Statements • Map before WWI • MAIN Causes of WWI • … and a Distracting War  Socialism • Balkan Powder Keg • Assassination • Ultimatum • WWI Begins ASSIGNMENT: Ultimatum to Canada

3. World War I and Post War World Topic: Achievements and Crises (1900-1945) • The first half of the 20th century was one of rapid technological advances. It was a period when the tensions between industrialized nations resulted in World War I and set the stage for World War II. While World War II transformed the balance of world power, it was the most destructive and costly war in terms of human casualties and material resources expended. Content Statements: 13. Advances in technology, communication and transportation improved lives, but also had negative consequences. 14. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances. 15. The consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II. 16. Oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian Genocide during World War I and the Holocaust, the state-sponsored mass murder of Jews and other groups, during World War II.

4. World War I and Post War World Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills • Students apply skills by utilizing a variety of resources to construct theses and support or refute contentions made by others. Alternative explanations of historical events are analyzed and questions of historical inevitability are explored. 1. Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of action. (Was WWI inevitable? What could have changed the causes of WWI into something that would not result in war?) 2. The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an examination of the credibility of each source. (…) 3. Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions. (students assigned thesis and they must defend it) 4. Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events, including multiple causation and long- and short-term causal relations. (causes and effects of WWI analysis)

5. Current Map of Europe(for comparison)

6. World War I Begins Europe, 1914 “Great War” “The War to End All Wars”

7. Tensions betweenIndustrialized Nations • tensions led to… • World War I • set the stage for World War II (which would transform the balance of world power) • M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI (“Great War,” “The War to End All Wars”) • militarism • alliances • imperialism • nationalism 14. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances.

8. 1. Causes of WWI: Militarism • militarism – aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation of war • glorification of war and strength • mobilization – the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war • complex – having many intricate parts • alliances  increased danger • belligerents – warring nations • conscription – imposing a military draft

9. 2. Causes of WWI: Alliances • alliances – a complex system of alliances developed among the nations of Europe (meant to maintain the balance of power) • Intensified threat of militarism • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain • system of alliances – considered a main cause of World War I • Why is the word World in bold font?

10. 3. Causes of WWI: Imperialism • imperialism – the desire for the best colonies around the world  conflict • competition for (African) colonies  increased rivalries • Industrial Revolution • Shipbuilding • New weapons (iron, steel, chemicals) • Mass armies (conscription)

11. 4. Causes of WWI: Nationalism nationalism – various ethnic groups tried to gain more political unity • nation-states • self-interests and success • several nationalities often ruled by a single regime • Example: Slavic minorities wanted nation-state (in Balkans, Austro-Hungarian Empire) • socialist labor movements  war = distraction DISCUSSION: Why would this be a problem? Another Cause: Socialist Labor Movements (Internal Unrest)  want “Distracting War”

12. Balkan Powder Keg • state of unrest in the Balkans • new nations formed after decline of Ottoman Empire, including Serbia • Russia (supported Serbia) and Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, which disappointed Serbia

13. Look at the Alliances. Look at Serbia. Look at Austria-Hungary. Serbia– country that Austria-Hungary blamed for the assassination of Francis Ferdinand

14. “I am the son of peasants and I know what is happening in the villages. That is why I wanted to take revenge, and I regret nothing.” -- Gavrilo Princip How about a World War?(1914) • The Assassination: June 28, 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated • “ignited” great war • assassin: Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist / terrorist / extremist • wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary • wanted larger Serbian kingdom • The Response: Austria-Hungary • wanted to “render Serbia innocuous once and for all by a display of force.” • blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand • Germany  gives Austria-Hungary a “blank check” DISUCSSION: Why all of the different vocabulary? DISUCSSION: What do you think it means to “render innocuous”? DISUCSSION: Why do you think a “blank check” is? Why do you think it matters to WWI?

15. Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatumto Serbia • 1. Serbian government must suppress all groups that were opposed to Austria-Hungary (A/H) • 2. Serbia must dismiss school teachers and ban books that didn’t support A/H • 3. Serbia must dismiss government officials who spoke out against A/H • 4. A/H officials must be allowed to participate in the trials of those accused of the assassination • Serbia declined this provision and A-H declared war on July 28th DISUCSSION: Why do you think that the criminal process demand was the one that Serbians felt they couldn’t accept? What made it worse than the other demands? Would you accept these terms? Which ones? Why?

16. Be prepared to present to the class tomorrow. Take this assignment seriously. A SHORT Activity:Ultimatum to Canada DIRECTIONS: A Canadian nationalist named Justin Bieber assassinated Mike Pence, the holder of the esteemed position of Vice President, Heir to the American Presidency and Replacement of the Beloved Joe Biden. Americans are outraged by this appalling behavior and violence on American soil. Create your own “ultimatum” that the United States will issue to Canada with 4 points. Please keep it reasonable and not truly ridiculous—though your demands can be severe. After you write your four points, be sure to highlight or circle the one that you believe would be most offensive to the Canadian people. NOTE: This is a serious assignment. Be realistic in your demands.  Checklist for Success: • address your audience (Canadian government or people) • use complete sentences and formal language to site your grievance (assassination) • write 4separate demands that parallel the demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia • think about, then highlight or circle the most offensive demand • write “Sincerely, Congress of the United States of America” at the bottom • add Trump’s John Hancock (adult-people-slang for your signature) underneath Before you begin, can you name the four demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia? Questions You May Be Asked Tomorrow: What were the 4 demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia? Which one was unacceptable? Why? How are the demands made by America to Canada similar to those demands? Which one is the most unacceptable? Why?

17. This to Remember: • You are giving a speech. Make eye contact. Project your voice. • You are outraged! Someone has murdered our beloved Joe Biden. Use emotion in your voice. • We are claiming to be reasonable. We are making reasonable demands. (It’s not just that we want to “render” Canada “innocuous” and take their maple syrup.) We want to right a wrong. • You are a member of Congress. You are poised. You are educated. You command respect. • If you didn’t make it realistic—fake it, fix and don’t let me know! • Have fun! Ultimatum to CanadaDay 2 QUESTIONS: • What were the 4 demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia? • Which one was found to be unacceptable? Why? • How are the demands made by America (you) to Canada similar to those demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia? • Which demand that you made? Why?

18. World War I – Day 3 Outline • Review Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia • Cover beginning of WWI • Evaluate Schlieffen Plan • Analyze Belgium, neutrality and Britain • Watch World War I – 1915 and 1916 (Videos) HOMEWORK: Finish watching videos

19. This to Remember: • You are giving a speech. Make eye contact. Project your voice. • You are outraged! Someone has murdered our beloved Joe Biden. Use emotion in your voice. • We are claiming to be reasonable. We are making reasonable demands. (It’s not just that we want to “render” Canada “innocuous” and take their maple syrup.) We want to right a wrong. • You are a member of Congress. You are poised. You are educated. You command respect. • If you didn’t make it realistic—fake it, fix and don’t let me know! • Have fun! Ultimatum to Canada QUESTIONS: • What were the 4 demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia? • Which one was found to be unacceptable? Why? • How are the demands made by America (you) to Canada similar to those demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia? • Which demand that you made? Why? • Do you really think that Austria-Hungary wanted Serbia to accept their demands? Why?

20. World War I Begins(1914) July 28, 1914: partial mobilization of Russian army

21. It Begins… In Europe? In the U.S.A.? isolation America’s policy at beginning of WWI not a part of the initial alliance system

22. Mobilizationin Europe • Russia supports Serbia, mobilization of Russian army • Germany declared war on Russia • Schlieffen Plan – German 2-front plan (France and Russia had an Alliance) (must go through Belgium) • Germany declared war on France • Great Britain declared war on Germany (Germany violated Belgian neutrality) • G.B. allied with France and Russia (additional reason) What is mobilization? Why is mobilization considered to be so significant?

23. A SHORT Time to Ponder Why was Germany going through Belgium? If you were Belgium, would you be O.K. with Germany bringing its army through your country? Why or why not? What were the significant outcomes of Germany going through Belgium?

24. VideosWorld War I – 1915, 1916 • www.wildcatworldstudies.wordpress.com • HOMEWORK: Finish watching videos over 1915 and 1916 of World War I. Take notes over these videos.

25. World War I – Day 3 Outline • 2 sides • escalation of WWI • technological advances • U.S. joins the war HOMEWORK: Dear Santa Letter

26. Allied Powers (formerly Triple Entente) Both sides felt the war would quickly end…#wrong Central Powers (formerly Triple Alliance) • German Empire • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria • Advantages: • Central location allowed better communication and travel. • Germany’s powerful army • Great Britain • France • Russia • Japan • Italy • Eventually, United States • Advantages • More industrial, more soldiers, Great Britain’s powerful navy both sides thought would be over in a few weeks defensive technology is better offensive technology

27. governments: • took control of their economies • rationed food and supplies • called on civilians to work and make sacrifices for the war effort A World War Gallipolidisastrous Allied campaign in Balkans -- Bulgaria joined Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) -- Allies (Russia, G.B., France) declared war on Ottoman Empire)

28. The Middle East T.E. Lawrence of Arabia, 1917 • urged Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman overlords • England mobilized troops form India, Australia, New Zealand, 1918  destroy Ottoman Empire in the Middle East

29. German African Colonies • Allies seized German colonies around the world

30. German Pacific Colonies • Japan seized German Pacific islands What is happening with Japan on these maps? #havethoughts

31. Escalation

32. Rapid Technological Advances • Technology - first half of the 20th century • machine guns • chemical warfare • trench warfare • civilian soldiers • Germans - U-boats and poison gas • airplanes — surveillance and dogfights • British tanks • Globalization • communication • transportation

33. Machine Guns and Poison Gas Machine Guns Fired rapidly, without interruption First ones were heavy  Had to have a team of several men to operate them Caused huge causalities Chemical Warfare Germans introduced poison gas as a weapon

34. Trench Warfare Late 1915 • war of attrition • each side trying to outlast the other • technology moved faster than military tactics • stalemate

35. Verdun, France • 700,000 died in 10 months over a few miles of land • baffled generals (past: movement and maneuver)

36. constant attacks heavy losses civilian soldiers (not professional soldiers -- drafted) Foreshadowing: TOTAL WAR Boys are being drafted and going off to war. What do you think is happening on the home-front?

40. trench foot… those were feet…

42. barbed wire

43. To the Skies! Zeppelins Used to bomb London and eastern England (filled with hydrogen gas = raging infernos) surveillance before WWI, planes were mainly used as observation (hard to maneuver) find targets invention of the “interrupter”  machine guns no longer shoot plane propellers dog fights http://www.history.com/videos/grenade-becomes-standard-battle-equipment#interrupter-air-combat-revolution

44. Central Powers WWI “Aces”excellent propaganda for both sides Allied Powers Eddie Rickenbacker • Shot down 26 enemy planes Manfred von Richthofen“The Red Baron” • Shot down around 80 enemy planes

45. The Tank • Britain introduced the tank (1916) • could easily move over rough ground, through barbed wire • became more important in World War II

46. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • German U-Boats • Unterseebooten • Goal – Prevent munitions and food from entering British ports • At first rose to surface, allowing ship to surrender • Eventually, remained hidden and fired without warning

47. Lusitania http://www.history.com/videos/u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915#u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915

48. Woodrow Wilson naval blockades unrestricted submarine warfare Lusitania cargo ship Nearly 1200 people were killed including 128 Americans suspended from September 1915-January 1917 (it’s back!) Zimmerman Telegraph US enters war April, 1917 large numbers in 1918 psychological boost for Allies • Most Americans agreed that the U.S. should remain neutral • shipping food, raw materials and supplies to both sides • contraband war materials supplied by a neutral country to a belligerent one • Zimmerman Telegraph • 1917  Sent a secret telegram to Mexico • Germans resumed submarine warfare • April 6, 1917, the U.S. declares war • 1918 - troops fighting in large numbers warned Germans the United States would not tolerate another incident Germany cut back on its attacks

49. Causes of WWI Recap: The U.S. Path to War • German U-boats target passenger ships, including the Lusitania Germany ends the Sussex Pledge • The ZimmermanNote (secret telegram from Germany to Mexico) - intercepted by British Intelligence • The fall of Czar Nicholas II in Russia • From March 16th to 18th, Germany sinks three American ships

50. Write “Dear Santa,” because you are writing the letter to Ol’ Saint Nick Include a date. The date should be after the battle that you reference and after the item that you want has been invented. A SHORT Letter: Dear Santa… Date Dear Santa, I have been a good soldier. I fought in this specific battle in this specific location. This is what I did. Thus, I’ve been a good boy. This is the paragraph where you show your knowledge of a battle. Therefore, you should give me a ___________. It is a _________. It was invented… (why? whom? when?) It will be useful in the war because… This is the paragraph where you show that you did some research on a new piece of technology that was used in the Great War (WWI). Thank you, British or French-sounding first and last name P.S. Cookies and milk can be found _____________. CONGRATULATIONS: You live in muddy ditch in France with a lot of other smelly (and possibly rotting) dudes! All you want for Christmas is some new technology of WWI. Perhaps you want a tank? A machine gun? Some poisonous gas? 1st Paragraph: Research a battle. When? Where? How was it fought? Are you British or French? The CONTENT about the battle is what matters most. Remember this is where you explain how you have been a good-little-boy… meaning you’ve been killing the enemy in battle! 2nd Paragraph: Research above-and-beyond what we went over in-class about a new technology. Who invented it? When? Where? How will it be useful to you in the war? The CONTENT about the new technology matters most. OPTIONAL: Make it look like it was actually written during the war. Age the paper. Make it look worn. Write in cursive. Thank Santa. You are either a British or French soldier. Research and use a British or French first and last name. OPTIONAL: Mention where Santa can find the cookies and milk. You can be creative – there aren’t any fireplaces on the front lines