The idea has to be born – process of going abroad as a student

1. The idea has to be born – process of going abroad as a student Emilia Kmiotek-Meier Klaudia Horváth Midterm conference of Research Network 35 (Sociology of Migration), European Sociological Association (ESA) Facing a New "Age of Migration"? Methodological Challenges, Conceptual Questions, Political Entanglements 2nd September 2016 The research from the MOVE project leading to these results has received funding from Horizon 2020 under Grant Agreement N° 649263.

2. Overview Student mobility in the Hungary and Luxembourg Preparation process Outlook Discussion

3. I Student mobility (in the EU) Recent ‘boom’ in migration/mobility studies In the EU more research on credit mobility (ERASMUS) some gaps -> personal perspctive

4. Data… until now Data collection: from October 2015 until now Hungary: outgoing; mainly credit mobility Luxembourg: mainly outgoing; credit and degree mobility balanced

5. I Student mobility in Hungary Main destinationcountriesfortheHungarianstudent: Austria, Germany, United Kingdom (2013: 1655, 1611, 1213 studentbase of UNESCO data). Populardestinationcountriestoo Holland, France. Most of the students come from Europe and Asia. The majority of Europeans are from Germany, Romania and Slovakia. Total inbound and outboundinternationally mobile students (in Hungary) Forrás: ownworkbase of UNESCO data

6. I Student mobility in Luxembourg 2003 foundation of the University of Luxembourg degree mobility from LU 75 % of all enrolled in tertiary education study abroad Degree mobility from LU: mainly DE, FR, BE degree mobility into LU + 50% of students enrolled have no LU nationality mainly other EU-countries credit mobility from LU an obligatory semester abroad for undergraduates

7. Preparation process voluntary rational choice STRATEGIES elimination procrastination family society-discourse forced economic institutional

8. Preparation process x voluntary rational choice STRATEGIES elimination procrastination family society-discourse forced economic institutional

9. Voluntary mobilityprocess of elimination (I) Anna (degree from LUX, female, 23-26) ‘Actually, England it was a kind of elimination. Firstly, I wanted… I have seen Luxembourgish politicians all those years and they spoke very bad English and it was so embarrassing. And then I though if you want to do something international you have to learn English, and then I thought I don’t want to go to Belgium (…) and I didn't want to stay in my own backyard (…) and Germany was out because of the language, I speak German (…)’

10. Voluntary mobilityprocess of elimination (II) country N country X country Y country H country Z country U country P country G country O

11. Voluntary mobilityprocess of elimination (II) country N country X country Y country H country Z country U country P country G country O

12. Preparation process voluntary rational choice STRATEGIES elimination procrastination family society-discourse forced economic institutional x

13. ‘Forced’ mobility elimination Esther, credit from Lux, 27-29 ‘I was really nervous, already one year before. I thought nooo, how should it work?’ ‘Very important to go to this city was also that I was not going alone, there was also a friend there’ ‘I also heard that at this university it was possible to have classes only three days in the week. And because I had fear that I am not gonna manage five or six days without coming back home … because there were also another universities but there it was not possible [to have classes only 3 days in the week]’

14. Preparation process x voluntary rational choice STRATEGIES elimination procrastination family society-discourse forced economic institutional

15. Voluntary mobility‘rational’ choice Róbert (credit mobility, Netherlands) “I deliberately planned my master’s studies, and so even as a bachelor student I knew I would go on Erasmus in the master course. Before I applied for the master, I made out a three-year plan for which courses I would take in master, and I included the subjects from the Netherlands too. So I wasveryaware of whereexactly I would go. I didn’tdoitfortheErasumusexperience. But of course I knew from talking to people that Erasmus was not just about studies.”

16. Preparation process rational choice STRATEGIES elimination procrastination ‘forced’ / voluntary family society-discourse x economic institutional

17. ‘Forced’ / voluntary mobilityelimination Árpád (credit mobility, Italy) “We thought we should spend time abroad at least once, since there’s so much propaganda about how you have to go abroad, every one -who can - should go, it’s a great opportunity – that sticks to your mind.” “We were walking down the corridor and there was a poster saying we could apply and there was a week until the deadline.” „I already learned Spanish, I also have a language exam so I thougt, not to go there. I thougt I should learn new languages if I have the chance. It was also important that I could understand a bit the language so that’s why I excluded Germany. The reason was the same not to go to the northern countries. So it was between France or Italy. My friends and family advised Italy (...). Because of the dedline I chose Italy. I did research on the internet and I really liked the country”.

18. Summary / Outlook 1) Last case: voluntary vs. forced OR continuum 2) differences -> countries? -> types of student mobility?

19. Thank you for your attention! Klaudia Horváth Horvath.klaudia@uni-miskolc.hu University of Miskolc Faculty of Economics Institute of World and RegionalEconomics University of Luxembourg Faculté des Lettres, des Sciences Humaines, des Arts et des Sciences de l'Education Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Work, Social Pedagogy and Social Welfare (IRISS) http://www.move-project.eu The research from the MOVE project leading to these results has received funding from Horizon 2020 under Grant Agreement N° 649263. Contact: Emilia Kmiotek-Meier emilia.kmiotek@uni.lu