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Illustration: The Meshing of Words With Images

Illustration: The Meshing of Words With Images. Keep it as simple as possible, yet no simpler. Albert Einstein. X-ray photograph of DNA [Rosalind Franklin, 1952]. Pressurizer. Date Time Power Level 4/25 1:00 am 3200 MW 4/25 2:00 pm 1600 MW 4/25 11:10 pm 1600 MW 4/26 1:00 am 30 MW

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Illustration: The Meshing of Words With Images

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  1. Illustration:The Meshing of Words With Images Keep it as simple as possible, yet no simpler. Albert Einstein X-ray photograph of DNA [Rosalind Franklin, 1952]

  2. Pressurizer Date Time Power Level 4/25 1:00 am 3200 MW 4/25 2:00 pm 1600 MW 4/25 11:10 pm 1600 MW 4/26 1:00 am 30 MW 4/26 1:19 am 200 MW 4/26 1:23 am 2,000,000 MW Coolant Loss Reactor Vessel Steam Generator Core Figure 1. Simplified diagram of nuclear reactor [Wolfson, 1991]. Two types of illustrations exist: tables and figures Table 1. Reactor power levels in Chernobyl accident [Wolfson, 1991].

  3. Tables can present words as well as numbers Table 2. Sequence of events in the Chernobyl accident [Wolfson, 1991]. Date Time Power Level Event April 25 April 25 April 25 April 26 April 26 April 26 1:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 11:10 p.m. 1:00 a.m. 1:19 a.m. 1:23 a.m. 3200 MW 1600 MW 1600 MW 30 MW 200 MW 2,000,000 MW Operators begin power descent Power descent delayed for 9 hours Emergency core-cooling system disconnected Operators switch off automatic control Power descent resumed Power minimum reached Operators pull rods beyond allowable limits Operators start two additional coolant pumps Operators violate coolant flow limits Power surges by factor of 10,000 in 5 seconds

  4. Table 2. Blood glucose levels [Carlson, 1982]. Breakfast 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Dinner Lunch Diabetic Blood Glucose Level (mg/dl) Normal (mg/dl*) 100.3 93.6 88.2 100.5 138.6 102.4 93.8 132.3 103.8 93.6 127.8 109.2 Diabetic (mg/dl) 175.8 165.7 159.4 72.1 271.0 224.6 161.8 242.7 219.4 152.6 227.1 221.3 Time (hour) midnight 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 noon 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 Normal 12:00 6:00 am 12:00 6:00 pm 12:00 Hour * decaliters/milligram Figure 11. Blood glucose levels for normal individual and diabetic [Carlson, 1982]. When presenting numerical data, you choose between tables and graphs

  5. 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Experiment Simulation 0 2 4 6 8 10 Line graphs are common in engineering and science Temperature (K) Distance From Burner (mm) Figure 3. Computational and experimental temperatures for laminar diffusion flames [Sandia, 1987].

  6. Bar graphs compare wholes 30 Normal range 20 7-10 Cells% 10 112–175 211–366 Flight Duration (Days) Figure 4. Response of T-cells in cosmonauts after short-term and long-term flights [Konstantinova, 1991].

  7. Task 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 Construction Test and Evaluation Power Production Figure 5. Schedule for the construction, evaluation, and production phases of the Solar One Power Plant. Gantt charts are a type of bar charts

  8. Pie graphs compare parts of a whole P o w e r R e a c t o r Medical and research wastes (16%) I n d u s t r i a l M e d i c a l Industrial wastes (28%) G o v e r n m e n t Government wastes (2%) Power reactor wastes (64%) Figure 5. Volume of low-level nuclear wastes from various sources [League, 1985].

  9. Natural Sources 85 mrem Medical Sources 70 mrem { Average dose: 160 mrem Fallout: < 3mrem Occupational: < 1mrem Nuclear power: < 1mrem Figure 6. Estimated annual dose of radiation in the United States [GPU Nuclear, 1985]. Graphs come in many forms

  10. 4 1 Combustor 3 2 Compressor Turbine When presenting images, you choose between photographs, drawings, and diagrams

  11. The main advantage of photographs is realism 60 seconds 59.5 seconds 59 seconds Figure 2. Space Shuttle Challenger, from about 59 seconds to 60 seconds into launch (January 28, 1986). On the right rocket, flame first becomes visible and then impinges on tank.

  12. Combustor Simulator Turbine Vanes Secondary Flow Dilution Jet Primary Flow Secondary Flow Film-Cooling Holes One advantage of drawings is control of detail Figure 5. Wind tunnel experiment at Virginia Tech for evaluating film-cooling designs for the blades of gas turbine engines [Thole and others, 2000].

  13. The main advantage of a diagram is the ability to show flow of a variable through a system Figure 8. Schematic of test stand for evaluating components of an air conditioner design.

  14. DSPH RECEIVER TSU TSH FLASH TANK FT T S S G TURBINE DEAR- ATOR HOT WELL HP HTR Figure 5. Schematic of thermalstorage system. Scientists and engineers often use illustrationsthat are too complex for the text The thermal storage system stores heat in a huge, steel- walled tank. Steam from the solar receiver passes through heat exchangers to heat the thermal oil, which is pumped into the tank. The tank then provides energy to run a steam generator to produce electricity. A schematic of this system is shown in Figure 5.

  15. 650°F 580°F 530°F 575°F solar receiver Heat Exchanger Thermal Tank Heat Exchanger steam generator 425°F 435°F 425°F 250°F The precision of the illustrationsshould reflect the precision of the text The thermal storage system, shown in Figure 6, stores heat in a huge, steel-walled tank. Steam from the solar receiver heats a thermal oil, which is pumped into the tank. The tank then provides energy to run a steam generator to produce electricity. Figure 6. Schematic of thermal storage system for the solar power plant.

  16. For clarity, you should introduce andexplain illustrations in the text ..., as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Title of figure. Some formats allow you extra sentences to explain unusual details.

  17. CONTROL TERMINAL PRINTER CAMERA COMPUTER DIGITIZER ELECTRO- MECHANICAL INTERFACE ROCKET Figure 8. Testing hardware. Inconsistencies between text andimages disrupt fluidity The testing hardware of the rocket shown in Figure 8 has five main components: camera, digitizer, computer, I/O interface, and mechanical interface. Commands are generated by the computer, then passed through the I/O interface to the mechanized interface where the keyboard of the ICU is operated. The display of the ICU is read with a television camera and then digitized. This information is then manipulated by the computer to direct the next command.

  18. Electro- Mechanical Interface 2 1 Computer Rocket 3 4 Camera Digitizer Illustration is the meshing of words with images Our system for testing the launch controls of the rocket consists of four main parts: computer, electro-mechanical interface, camera, and digitizer. In this system (shown in Figure 9), the computer generates test commands to the rocket through the electro-mechanical interface. The test results are read with a television camera, and then digitized. The computer receives the information from the digitizer, and then directs the next test command. Figure 9. System to test launch controls for rocket.

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