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Studying Human Inheritance 12-1 & 12-2

Studying Human Inheritance 12-1 & 12-2. Pea Characteristics. http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought. Some traits have more than two allele choices = ____________________ traits EX: A,B,O blood type glycoproteins.

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Studying Human Inheritance 12-1 & 12-2

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  1. Studying Human Inheritance 12-1 & 12-2

  2. Pea Characteristics http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html

  3. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits have more than two allele choices = ____________________ traits EX: A,B,O blood type glycoproteins MULTIPLE ALLELE

  4. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by more than one gene =_____________traits EX: Human height, Intelligence POLYGENIC http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

  5. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought POLYGENIC traits have lots of “in-between” phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a whole range of intelligences in-between http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

  6. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some genes are LINKED TO other genes _____________ traits are linked to a sex chromosome SEX-LINKED

  7. SEX DETERMINATION female XX = male Xy = Images from: http://members.tripod.com/~yenial/chromosome.html

  8. X X Who decides? X X X X X X X Mom can give X Dad can give X or y y y y If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy __________ determines sex of babies. DAD

  9. Thomas Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies PURE PURE RED-EYED WHITE-EYED FEMALES MALES X GOT ALL RED EYED FLIES 50% males 50% females http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/sex.html

  10. XR XR Xr Xr XR yR yr Xr XXRR XXRR XXRr XXRr XyRR XyRRXyRr XyRr XyRr XyRrXyrr Xyrr XXRr XXRrXXrr XXrr MORGAN EXPECTED: RED-EYED MALES RED-EYED FEMALES WHITE-EYED FEMALES WHITE-EYED MALES

  11. Thomas Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies ACTUAL RESULTS from cross:RED EYED FEMALES RED EYED MALES WHITE EYED MALES NO WHITE EYED FEMALES! http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/sex.html

  12. GENE FOR EYE COLOR in Fruit flies IS CARRIED ON X CHROMOSOME So it acts as a single gene cross Image modified from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

  13. XR XR Xr Xr XR XR y y XRXR XRXR XRXr XRXr XRXR XRXR XRXr XRXr XRy XRy Xry Xry XRy XRy Xry Xry RESULTS: NO WHITE-EYED FEMALES

  14. Genes located on the same chromosome form a ______________ group LINKAGE When traits do not appear in expected ratios…. they may be linked.

  15. X-linked genes are carried on the X CHROMOSOME X-LINKED RECESSIVE DISORDERS Color blindness Hemophilia Muscular dystrophy X-linked recessive disorders show up MORE frequently in _________________ X* X X* y MALES

  16. FEMALES CAN BE CARRIERSfor X-linked recessive disorders X* X* Females need 2 copies of the mutant gene to show the disorder PERSONS that carry a gene for a recessive disorder but DON’T show the disorder themselves are called __________________ X* X CARRIERS

  17. CARRIER DEFECTIVE NORMAL Carriers DON’T SHOW the trait themselves but can pass it on to their offspring Image modified from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

  18. CARRIER ONLY FEMALES can be carriers for X-linked recessive disorders NORMAL DEFECTIVE Females have TWO X’s. Image modified from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

  19. CARRIER Males CAN’T be carriers for X-LINKED RECESSIVE disorders DEFECTIVE NORMAL Only have one X chromosome Image modified from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

  20. BOTH MALES and FEMALES can be carriers for _______________________ genes. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE NORMAL DEFECTIVEGENE AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDERS Phenylketonuria Cystic fibrosis Albinism Image modified from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

  21. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought GENES can change places CROSSINGOVER http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

  22. Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif Gametes get different gene combinations

  23. GENES that are _________________ are _________ likely to separate during crossing over in meiosis. FARTHER APART MORE Image modified from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

  24. Image modified from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif GENES that are _________________ are _________ likely to separate during crossing over in meiosis. CLOSE TOGETHER LESS

  25. We can tell where genes are on a chromosome by seeing how often they cross over. Geneticists use crossing over frequency to make a ____________________ that shows the location of genes along a chromosome Chromosome map

  26. http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/hairears.html SEX-LINKED and SEX INFLUENCEDTRAITS http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/geneprob.htm

  27. SEX LINKED TRAITS show up in different % in males and females because they move with the sex chromosomes

  28. Sex chromosomes can carry other genes X-LINKED GENES: Genes carried on the X chromosome EX: _____________ _____________ _________________________ Hemophilia Colorblindness Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

  29. Sex chromosomes can carry other genes Y-LINKED GENES: Genes carried on Y chromosome EX:Hairy pinna Y linked males. _________genes only show up in _______ Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/hairears.html

  30. SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS Genes that are carried on ______________ BUT are affected by the ____________ of the individual that has the gene AUTOSOMES sex hormones

  31. Male Pattern Baldness Autosomal dominant gene http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/geneprob.htm

  32. YOUR SEX CHANGES THE EXPRESSION OF THE GENE B is dominant for baldness B’ is recessive for not bald If you are MALE: If you are FEMALE: BB = BB= BB’ = BB’= B’B’ = B’B’= BALD BALD BALD NOT bald NOT bald NOT bald

  33. PEDIGREES can help show how are genes passed on over generations

  34. Images modified from: http://www.beavton.k12.or.us/sunset/academics/genetics.htm PEDIGREE CHART Normal Male = Normal Female = Has trait = Carrier =

  35. http://www.beavton.k12.or.us/sunset/academics/genetics.htm

  36. http://www.ikm.jmu.edu/Buttsjl/ISAT493/Hemophilia/hemophiliaeurope.htmlhttp://www.ikm.jmu.edu/Buttsjl/ISAT493/Hemophilia/hemophiliaeurope.html

  37. How can we detect disorders? • BEFORE BIRTH • Amniocentesis • Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS) • Karyotype (need to get cells by Amnio/CVS 1st ) • Alpha feto protein (AFP) • AFTER BIRTH • PKU

  38. How can we detect disorders ? Image from: http://www.fiu.edu/~srose/pregchildbirth.doc Insert needle into sac around baby andwithdraw fluidcontaining baby’s cells Done at 14-16 weeks Karyotype can detect:missing/extra chromosomes Other tests can detect: Huntington’s; Cystic Fibrosis

  39. Chorionic Villi Sampling Image from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9181.htm Insert needleand take a sample of sack baby is growing in Done at EARLIER (8-10 weeks) Greater chance of miscarriage than with amniocentesis Can detect same disorders as amniocentesis but sooner

  40. Karyotype-(need cells from baby) Image from: http://members.tripod.com/~yenial/chromosome.html Can tell missing/extra chromosomes Gender Some deletions/additionsCan’t show point/frame shift mutations

  41. ALPHA FETO PROTEIN Test MOTHER’s blood during pregnancy Measures AFP protein made by baby that crossesover into mother’s blood Low AFP = possible Down/Turner syndrome High AFP = Spina bifida http://www.androusa.com/Blood%20Tubes.jpg

  42. PKUPhenylketonuria Blood test givento ALL babies before leaving hospital Special diet can prevent mental retardation http://www.androusa.com/Blood%20Tubes.jpg http://www2.coca-cola.com/presscenter/img/imagebrands/downloads/lg_dietcoke_can.jpg

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