1. Security For computers

2. Analyzing the Threat • Unauthorized access • Data destruction, accidental or deliberate • Administrative access • System crash or hardware failure • Virus or Spyware • Environmental threats

3. Unauthorized Access • Occurs when a person accesses resources without permission • Data • Applications • Hardware • Opens up option to alter or delete (or enhance) information • Can use intrusion to figure out passwords, accounts, etc. • Need some sort of access control • Dumpster diving for information

4. Social Engineering • Process of using, or manipulating, people inside the network • Humans using other humans to gain access to restricted resources • Infiltration: Gain unauthorized physical access to office; tailgating – following someone as though you belong • Telephone scams: “Hi, I forgot my password” • Phishing: trying to get usernames, passwords, etc. • Administrative access: Too easy to get Admin access to computers and thus data.

5. Physical Theft • Don’t hack into it – just take the server! • Need to protect, with lock and key, valuable server resources • Don’t forget the router and modem

6. Environmental Threats • Power – lack of it, or too much • Air conditioning, proper ventilation, air filtration • Dirty air – dust forms a nice warm blanket around components • If you can stand the temperature, so can the computer • Be wary of toxic chemicals, treat with care

7. Access Control • Lock the door to computer room • Use ID badges • Privacy filter – have to be in front of screen • What is on the desk that should not be there? Documents, passwords, etc.

8. Getting secure • It’s Windows-L to lock a system • Authentication: How do I know who you are? • Software: Passwords • Hardware: Smart cards or biometric device • Knowledge factor – something you know • Ownership factor – something you own • Inherent factor – something part of user • Use NTFS not FAT32 – can convert FAT to NTFS

9. Software Authentication • Use passwords – strong passwords and not the same one everywhere • Change CMOS settings; lock you out of CMOS • Stealing a hard drive… • Don’t tape password to bottom of mouse pad • Smart cards and security tokens

10. Users and Groups • Accounts should have minimum permissions to get the job done • Use groups, not accounts for permissions • Permissions are combined • Everyone group has full access by default • Permissions control access to resources

11. Policies • Policies are permissions for activities • Local Security Policy on local system • Group Policy on domain server • Policies: • Prevent Registry Edits • Prevent Access to the Command prompt • Log on locally • Shut down system • Minimum Password length • Disable Windows Installer • Printer browsing

12. Data Classification • Public, internal use only, confidential, top secret, etc. • Sarbanes-Oxley impose limits on what people can do with information • Affects how you recycle equipment, too

13. Auditing • Auditing means to tell Windows to create an entry in the Security Log • Event auditing – log on/off • Object access auditing – access to file/folder • Local Security Policy in Administrative Tools • Select Local Policies then Audit Policy • Go to object and enable auditing

14. Incidence Reporting • Leaving a paper trail of what you did • Companies often have forms or use tracking software • Job not done until paperwork is compete!

15. Evidence Handling • Ignore personal information in and around computer • Anything said or seen is personal confidence • Identify action or content as prohibited – use common sense, too • Report through proper channels – your supervisor – don’t talk to person • Data preservation – unplug and move system

16. Virus and Spyware • Should always have protection for both – your third purchase (computer and OS) • Floppies used to be a good way to spread viruses – USB drives now do it better • Still the network is the best way to spread a virus

17. Grayware • Neither good nor bad by itself… • Peer-to-peer file sharing programs: Bittorrent • A new class of software with dangerous potential • Pop-ups – surprise windows that appear automatically • Spyware – run in the background, tracking your activity • Most of the “search bars” in IE

18. Spyware • Distributed computing applications • Fake-ware – Says one thing, does another • The “free” antivirus scans that find virus and want money to remove them • The FBI, you are running illegal software scam • Don’t install what you don’t know • Most antivirus software now includes spyware filters.

19. Spyware • Greed (something for free – Kazaa) is the root cause of most spyware infections • Don’t install something you don’t know about – ask others first • Be careful how you close pop-up windows • Run Ad-aware regularly or Spybot Search and Destroy • “Hostage-ware” comes with most new computers

20. Spam • Unwanted emails • Huge percentage of Internet traffic • Can use third-party filter • Never unsubscribe to email

21. Malware • Virus: Attached to another program; runs when that program is run (i.e. opening attachment to email message) • Trojans: Should do one thing, does something else. Standalone program • Worms: Replicate themselves and over-whelm system or network. Standalone. • Adware: Tracks what you do on the Internet and reports to somewhere • Rootkit – hides in very low level OS functions

22. Anti-Virus • Scan for viruses once a week (daily?) • Monitor computer activity all the time • Compares files to signature file(s) • Polymorphs attempt to change code to escape detection • Stealth: Boot sector viruses • Keep this current • Zero Day threats: Hole and virus on same day

23. Malware Symptoms • Computer slows down, one-time crash, home page change in IE • Keep antivirus up to date and always on • Watch for security alerts that are from antivirus or Windows program • Keep systems patched and up to date

24. Malware Prevention • Keep anti-virus up to date • TSR – terminate and stay resident – you will find these in Startup in msconfig; don’t turn these off • Know the source of software before you load it

25. Recovery Tips • Recognize – Identify that you have malware infection; turn off System Restore • Search and destroy – Your anti-virus program should eliminate problem • Remediate – fix what got broken; startup repair most often used • Educate users to limit exposure

26. Firewalls - Hardware • Protect from unauthorized access to computer • Hardware – routers • Software – XP Service Pack 2 • Stateful Packet Inspection – look at each packet as it comes in • Port Forwarding – open a port and direct to a specific IP address

27. Firewalls - software • Windows Firewall in Control Panel • Create exceptions to firewall (i.e. allowed traffic) • XP firewall only has one setting; 7 allows one for each network

28. Network Authentication • Kerberos from MIT used by Windows and Mac for user name and password • Microsoft uses IPSec(urity) for data encryption • Application – Netscape’s Secure Sockets Layer (SSL); results in HTTPS

29. Wireless Issues • Encryption – WEP, WPA or WPA2 • Disable DHCP • Filter by MAC address • Change default user name and password • Update firmware as needed

30. Backup • Systems in your care should have regular backups performed • Essential data: My Documents, Outlook (Express) data and address book and Favorites (web bookmarks); Quickbooks data can be almost anywhere • Backup System State on servers • Keep a copy of backup offsite – usually under lock and key

31. Migrating and Retiring • What do you do with old system or hard disk drive? • Use Documents and Settings Transfer Wizard to get most data to new system in secure setting • Remove data remnants from hard drives • Recycle old equipment – don’t trash it

32. That old hard drive • Once the data is moved, it’s not removed • A run of FDISK and delete partitions is a good start (and often good enough) • Window Washer or other scrubbing software can make data even harder to find. Often necessary on corporate systems

33. Recycle • Keep as much out of the landfill as possible • Recycle place on Del Norte, just above 5th Street • Consider donation(s) if equipment is current enough

34. Network Share Permissions • When you share a resource (folder), you can set Permissions to: • Full Control: Can perform any and all functions on all files and folders • Change: Can read and execute, change and delete files and folders • Read: Can read and execute files and folders; cannot modify or delete

35. File Permissions • Read: Can view the contents • Write: Can create new file or subfolder; to change must also have Read; can append • Read and Execute: Both Read and run applications and can traverse a folder • Modify: Read and Execute and delete • Full Control: Do anything and take ownership • List Folder Contents: See what is there

36. Security Policies • Permissions for activities (Run… command, install software, shutdown system) • Group Policies set on groups, organization units (OU) and domain • Requires server software • Local Security policy can be set on a user, but might be over-ridden by GP of domain

37. Defense • Up to date anti-virus software (Norton, AVG Free) • Up to date anti-adware software (Ad-Aware or equal) • Firewall, either in hardware (router) or software • Check regularly for security patches and system updates

38. Email • Good way to get malware • Turn off Preview Pane – this can load virus • Delete suspect email without opening it • Consider a third-party spam blocker rather than Outlook Express filter • 2-300 spam messages per day

39. Browser Problems • Pop-ups: Be careful how you close/exit these to prevent more from showing up. Not so much of this anymore as browser takes care to remove it • Spyware: Run in the background, send information to another computer • Adware: Display ads on your system

40. Encryption • Authentication to domain uses Kerberos • Server controls dial-up encryption • Remote Access Systems: • Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) is old, kept around for Telnet; no encryption at all • Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is most common; challenges remote system (usually password) • MS-CHAP is Microsoft’s version; more advanced encryption protocol; can encrypt the whole session

41. Data Encryption • Microsoft uses IPSec (IP Security) for long distance (public) networks • Virtual Private Network (VPN) uses Internet for part of the cable • DES (56-bit encryption) • DES3 (168-bit encryption) – Encryption of the encryption of the encryption of the message

42. Application Encryption • Browsers and HTTPS (HTTP over SSL) • Server sends public key to browser with digital certificate from trusted authority • Browser has list of trusted authorities • Clear SSL Cache in Internet Explorer • Internet Options | Content | Clear SSL Cache • Do this once every three years