Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East

Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East p. 394

Resistance Reborn • World War I weakened the imperialists • This encouraged colonial nationalists in Africa, West Asia, and the rest of the world.

EC: Africans had many reasons to resent the Europeans (5) • Much land was used for export cash crops instead food • Caused famines for local people • What little money Africans were paid was reduced by imperialist taxes and high food prices. • Africans forced by Whites off the best land • (Kenya, Rhodesia) • Local African landowners were not allowed to grow the money-making crops. • Europeans controlled African movement by forcing them to carry pass-books • In many colonies Africans were forbidden to go where Whites lived/worked without permission.

Increased African Resistance • EC: Western-educated Africans learned how to protest against the imperialists. (3) • They used technology (printing, audio/film recording) to reach the European and American media and publics. • They argued that Woodrow Wilson’s idea of self-determination was a right of all peoples of the world. • Using the international media, they found growing support in the Western nations among liberals and anti-imperialists.

Apartheid: • Formal legal system enforcing segregation of Blacks in South Africa (1948)

Pan-Africanism: • A Black nationalist movement that began in North America and spread back to Africa. • Two Americans promoted it: (2) • Marcus Garvey: Africa for Africans; “Back to Africa” movement. • He believed that Whites would never allow Africans to be equal and that Africans had to regain their control of Africa. • W.E.B. Dubois: Also believed in promotion of Black rights. • He believed that Blacks had to demand their rights from White governments, and, eventually, their own lands. • Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress, in 1919. American and African delegates composed a charter of rights. • White powers ignored them, but the movement continued to grow.

Negritude movement: • Began with French-speaking Blacks in the Caribbean and West Africa. • They wrote of pride in being African. • They criticized White Imperialism • They demanded rights and self-determination for all Africans. • EC: One significant spokesman, in Senegal, was ….. • Leopold Senghor,

Egypt • Britain gave Egypt independence, in 1922, but continued to influence its government. • EC Anti-British Egyptians formed the _______________ • Muslim Brotherhood • Its purpose was to: (2) • resist British culture in Egypt • oppose corruption in the Egyptian government.

The Turkish Republic. • Asia Minor: • The peninsula where modern Turkey is. • EC: The Sultan was humiliated by the Treaty of Sevres, 1919: (2) • Land taken by Allies • Greece attempted to take more lands • _____________ , a WWI hero, led an overthrow of the Sultan: • Mustafa Kemal,

Kemal • The first president of the Turkish Republic • Stopped the Greek invasion. • Agreed to remove 1.3 million Greeks and 400,000 Turks from disputed lands. • Turks called him “Ataturk” • father of the Turks, • He began many reforms that modernized Turkey and made it self-reliant:

EC: Ataturk’s Reformed Turkey • Replaced Islamic traditions with Western ones. (3) • Laws • Education • Government • Expanded industrial infrastructure: (3) • Railroads • Factories • Industrial and financial advisors from the West • Made Turkey economically independent. • Turkish Muslim traditionalists will hate and resist him for reducing the influence of Islam in Turkish society.

Pan-Arabism: • The growing movement, after WW I, in the Middle East to unite all Arabs from West Asia to North Africa, • to free those under Western rule, • to protect themselves from Western take-over and exploitation. • EC: This area includes: (8) • Syria, • Jordan, • Iraq, • Egypt, • Algeria, • Tunisia • Morocco • Libya

Anger at the West • The betrayal of Arabs at the Paris Peace Conference infuriated Arab nationalists. • No freedom and lands for helping the Allies win WWI, as promised. • “mandates”: • Many Arabs were taken over by the French and British as part of the Versailles and other treaties for “protection”. • In the Middle East, who got what? • Britain: (3) • Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq • France: (2) • Lebanon, Syria • Many in the Middle East still resent and distrust the West.

Palestine/Israel • Balfour Declaration: • Agreement between Britain and Zionists, (Jewish nationalists) 1917: • Jews in Central Power nations would work to sabotage the war efforts of Germany and Austria-Hungary • Britain would give Jews a homeland in Palestine (biblically called “Israel”)

EC: Reasons for the Jewish-Arab conflict in Palestine after WWI: (3) • Arabs losing lands to Jews rapidly • Religious differences between Judaism, Islam, and Christianity • Extremists began attacks • Arabs on Jewish settlers to • slow down immigration • drive Jews out • Jews retaliate against Arabs to protect themselves

End Hwk • Begin Class work

EC: White Rule:Southern Africa • South Africa built a brutally repressive system of segregation of Blacks. • They based their laws on _____________________ philosophy • Social Darwinist • They also copied many _____________ laws from the United States. • “Jim Crow”

White Rule: Southern Africa • It meant secure White economic, political, and social control. EC: What were some ways it was practiced? (5) • Better-paying mine jobs for Whites only • Blacks controlled by pass-books • Police strictly enforced rules on Blacks • Blacks forced to live in “townships”, organized like native-American reservations in US. • Worst land • Curfews • Torture, arrest, jail for Blacks if laws broken • Black voting rights removed in 1936 • Black political parties outlawed • African National Congress (ANC) continued to work underground • Many members arrested and mistreated • African Christian churches were one way Blacks could speak out.

6, Image, 395 • Question • To forcefully ensure segregation of Blacks from Whites. • White South Africans set up systems to give them economic and social control • They would be the only ones to benefit.

Standards Check, p. 395 • Question: • The colonizers set up economic and political systems that benefitted mainly themselves.

Thinking Critically, 396-7 • Questions • 1 • The African National Congress protested legally • It sought to reform specific laws. • The Wafd Party protested violently with strikes and riots. • 2 • It shows that different African peoples had been working for independence from the imperialists for many decades before they were finally granted it.

Standards Check, p. 397 • Question: • Encourage nationalism • End colonial rule • Unite Africans in their desire for independence.

Biography, 398 • Question • Because he led the fight to start the Turkish Republic and modernized it.

Persia (Iran) • In 1925, ___________ takes control of Persia, becoming the “Shah” (emperor). • Reza Khan, • Britain still had strong influence over him: • EC: He also modernized Persia (2) • More concessions from British oil companies • More Iranians hired in more powerful economic and government positions. • EC: He made strict anti-Islam rules as __________ did in Turkey. • Kemal • This will anger Shi’ite Muslims, • Iranian secret police will arrest many for the next few decades. • EC: Petroleum drew more Western oil companies to the Middle East. Especially from ….. • the United States. • The oil companies were powerful enough to have their governments force Iran and others to cooperate.

Standards Check, p. 398 • Question: • Focused on • modernizing industry and transportation • Secularizing schools • Westernizing culture

Map Skills, 399 • Questions • 2 • Petroleum (oil) • The discovery of oil caused foreign companies to begin moving to the Middle East to exploit the resource. • The oil companies used their governments to force Arab nations to cooperate. • 3 • Wilson’s idea of “self-determination” gave rise to Pan-Arabism. • Nationalism grew after WW I, especially in the Versailles Treaty “Mandates”.

Arab-Israeli Conflict Begins • Britain won control of Palestine from ___________ • Turkey • They began to allow Jewish-European migrants into Palestine. • The British promised to protect the rights of “existing non-Jewish communities”, • Palestinian Arabs were often forced to relocate to make room for Jews moving in. • Jewish groups were able to raise large funds and buy more land, even buy out Arabs.

Handout: The Balfour Declaration • Who wrote the note? • Whom is the note written to? • What group can you infer the recipient is a leader of? (actually ID'd in the text) • What does the British government agree to? • What does Britain want for the Arabs already living there?

The Balfour Declaration • Who wrote the note? • Arthur James Balfour • Whom is the note written to? • Lord Rothschild • What group can you infer the recipient is a leader of? (actually ID'd in the text) • “Jewish Zionists”/”Zionist Federation” • What does the British government agree to? • “favour the establishment in Palestine of a homeland for the Jewish people” • What does Britain want for the Arabs already living there? • “it being clear that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine”

EC: Why were many Jews so anxious to leave Europe? (3) • Pogroms • Growing expulsions in Eastern Europe— • Russian Czar ordered millions of Jews out of Russia • Growing violence and killings of Jews in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, • Anti-Semitism across Europe…. • Anti-Semitic speeches and literature in many European nations advocating: • Violence • Destruction • Confiscation of Jewish property and religious sites.

2014 4/10 • Today, this location is still an international “hotspot”, for much the same reasons: • Arabs call it • Palestine • Jews call it • Israel • Thousands have died, lost homes, livelihoods, to protect those names.

Standards Check, p. 400 • Question: • The Balfour Declaration….. • Britain supported a Jewish Homeland in Palestine. • Jews began immigrating • Palestinian Arabs were denied independence by Britain • They began losing land to Jews.

Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East