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Overview of the Nervous System: Peripheral and Central Components

This review covers essential vocabulary related to the nervous system, focusing on both the peripheral and central components. Key terms include cranial and spinal nerves, neurons, and the processes of nerve impulses and synapses. Explore the roles of sensory and motor neurons, autonomic and somatic nervous systems, reflex arcs, and brain structures like the cerebellum and brainstem. Understanding these concepts is vital for grasping how the nervous system communicates and controls bodily functions.

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Overview of the Nervous System: Peripheral and Central Components

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  1. The Nervous System Vocabulary Review

  2. Peripheral nervous system • Cranial and spinal nerves outside the central nervous system • Central nervous system • Consists of the brain and spinal cord • Neuron • A nerve cell • Nerve impulse • Electrochemical process that communicates within the nervous system • Dendrite • Part of the neuron that receives input from other neurons • Axon • Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body of a neuron

  3. Nerve • Bundle of axons or nerve cell fibers • Sensory receptor • Specialized structure associated with the peripheral end of a sensory neuron specific to detecting a particular sensation and triggering a nerve impulse in response • Somatic nervous system • Motor pathways of the PNS that lead to skin and skeletal muscle • Autonomic nervous system • Portion of the PNS that controls organs (viscera), smooth, and cardiac muscle • Myelin • Fatty covering that protects and insulates an axon • Sensory neurons • Nerve composed of sensory nerve fibers • Interneurons • Link motor and sensory neurons in the CNS • Motor neurons • Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector muscles or glands

  4. Nerve pathway • Route a nerve impulse travels • Synapse • Functional connection between an axon and a dendrite; wireless connection between neurons • Neurotransmitter • Chemical secreted at the end of an axon on to another neuron or effector muscle or gland • Reflex arc • Nerve pathway that forms the structural and functional basis for a reflex • Reflex • An automatic response to a stimulus • Meninges • 3 membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord • Spinal nerves • Nerves that branch from the spinal cord; part of the PNS

  5. Cerebrum • Larger portion of the brain that provides higher level mental functions • Diencephalon • Region of the brain containing the thalamus and hypothalamus; acts as a relay station for sensory input, as well as to maintain homeostasis • Brain stem • Includes the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain; connects brain to spinal cord • Cerebellum • Coordinates skeletal muscle movements

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