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Print Instructions. Open the FILE dropdown menu Select PRINT Look for PRINT WHAT? in the lower left corner. Drop down the menu and select HANDOUTS Then select GRAYSCALE. This will print 6 slides to a sheet of paper. Please keep these instructions for future use. Anatomy & Physiology. 1.

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  1. Print Instructions Open the FILE dropdown menu Select PRINT Look for PRINT WHAT? in the lower left corner. Drop down the menu and select HANDOUTS Then select GRAYSCALE. This will print 6 slides to a sheet of paper. Please keep these instructions for future use

  2. Anatomy & Physiology 1 Anatomy - Structure of body parts Relationships Physiology - Function of the parts Interactions

  3. Anatomy Subdisciplines 2 Birth defects Gross Anatomy - Regional Anatomy – structures in specific regions Systemic Anatomy – gross structures of a system Microscopic Anatomy - Cytology – the study of cells Histology – the study of tissues DevelopmentalAnatomy - Fertilization to adult Embryology - Fetal development Fertilization – 8th week

  4. Physiology Subdisciplines 3 Study the operation of specific organ systems Cellular or molecular level Chemical reactions Physics Electrical currents Blood pressure Movement Endocrinology - Hormones Control body functions Immunology - Defense Pathophysiology - Changes in function

  5. Structure vs. Function 4 Complementarity Function is relative to the structure! Structure must be maintained

  6. 6 Levels of Structural Organization 5 Molecules Organelles Specific structure Chemical - Atoms Molecules Cellular - Smallest units of living things Structural & functional Tissues - Group of similar cells and common function 4 types Organ - 2 tissues Specific function Organ system - Organs working closely together to accomplish a common purpose Organism - Sum is greater than total parts

  7. 12 Organ Systems (fig. 1.3) 6 Integumentary - F: Barrier Vitamin D Evaporator Touch, pain, pressure receptors Skeletal - F: Protect & support body organs Mineral storage Blood cell formation Muscle attachment Muscular - F: Locomotion Produce heat Maintain posture Manipulation of the environment Facial expressions

  8. Nervous - 7 F: Control Responds to external/internal stimuli Activates muscles or glands Endocrine - F: Secrete hormones that regulate cell processes Cardiovascular - F: Heart pumps blood Vessels transport blood, O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes,

  9. Lymphatic/Immune - 8 F: Return fluid leaked from capillaries Houses white blood cells Mounts immune response Respiratory - F: Supplies blood with oxygen, removes CO2 Gaseous exchange occurs in air sacs of the lung Digestive - F: Breakdown food into absorbable units Eliminate indigestible foodstuffs

  10. Urinary - 9 F: Eliminate nitrogenous wastes Regulates water, electrolytes & acid-base balance Male reproductive - F: Produce & deliver sperm; male sex hormone Female reproductive - F: Produce eggs & female sex hormone Develop the fetus Produce milk to nourish the newborn

  11. Basic Life Processes 10 Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism - All chemical reactions Catabolism – breakdown foods into building blocks Anabolism – synthesize things from building blocks Produce ATP to power cellular activities Excretion Reproduction - New cells New individuals Growth - Increase cell size Increase # of cells Maintain boundaries - Semi-permeable membrane Skin

  12. 5 Survival Needs (variables) 11 Nutrients - Chemicals for energy & cell building Plants - Carbohydrates Glucose Vitamins, minerals Animals - Proteins, lipids Oxygen - Catabolism requires O2 Water - All chemical reactions occur in water Body temperature - Reactions are maximized Atmospheric pressure - Breathing & gas exchange All variables maintained in appropriate amounts Excesses & shortages are equally harmful

  13. Homeostasis 12 Dynamic Equilibrium Maintenance of normal internal conditions Narrow limits Limits adjusted by self regulating mechanisms Variable - Factor, event regulated Stimulus - Change environment

  14. Bodily Fluids 13 Internal environment Cells function properly H2O, O2, CO2, nutrients, ions, proteins, wastes, H+, OH- Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Composition Capillary beds

  15. Homeostatic Control 14 All organ systems Communication - Nervous & Endocrine sys Control mechanism 3 part feedback system Receptor - Sensor - environment Detects stimuli Communicates Afferent pathway (Input) Control center - Limits set - Input Determines response Communicates Efferent path (Output) Effector - Carries out the appropriate response Results then feed back to the control center

  16. 15 Input Output Homeostatic control mechanism Receptor detects change Effector responds & alters controlled condition 5 1 I m b a l a n c e B a l a n c e Stimulus produces change in variable 3 Variable returned to homeostasis 4 * 2 Variable Chronic homeostatic imbalance results in disease!

  17. Negative Feedback Mechanism 16 Control Center Hotter! It’s Cold! 70o System output shuts off the original stimulus Variables change to the opposite direction Keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges Cooler! Too HOT! Furnace 72o 60o Temperature-sensing Thermostat Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative!

  18. 17 Pancreas Liver Rising BloodGlucose Glucose is removed from blood Glucose released to blood Low Blood Glucose Liver Pancreas Insulin Take up glucose Make glycogen Normal Blood Glucose Glucagon Break down glycogen

  19. Positive Feedback Mechanism 18 Labor contractions fetal oxytocin Output exaggerates the original stimulus Variable change continues in the same direction Cascade - Series of events amplify Race out of control Rare! EX: Contractions - oxytocin from maternal hypothalamus

  20. 19 Initiates Clotting Cascade Break in blood vessel wall Platelets adhere to site & release chemicals Released chemicals attract more platelets Break is sealed by newly formed clot Cascade ends!

  21. Anatomical Position 20 Cephalic Cervical Axial Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic Appendicular 2 fundamental divisions Body is erect Upper & lower limbs Feet slightly apart Palms forward Thumbs out

  22. Sections for Anatomical Studies 21 Superior Transverse Inferior Frontal Posterior Right Left Sagittal Anterior Cross section Midsagittal thru midline

  23. 22 Superior Inferior (Above) Away from the head Lower part Toward the head Upper part (Below)

  24. Anterior 23 Or Ventral In front of Posterior Or Dorsal Behind In back of

  25. 24 Lateral Medial Away from midline Toward the midline

  26. 25 Distal Proximal Closer to the point of attachment Farther from the point of attachment Limbs only!

  27. 26 Superficial 26 Toward the body surface At the surface Deep Away from the body surface (External) (Internal)

  28. frontal 27 otic nasal cranial occipital facial oral acromial orbital cervical sternal thoracic axillary brachial scapular antecubital vertebral dorsal abdominal coxal olecranal umbelical lumbar antebrachial sacral carpal gluteal pollux palmar pelvic digital femoral pubic inguinal popliteal patellar sural crural peroneal calcaneal tarsal pedal plantar hallux Pg. 14

  29. 2 Major Body Cavities 28 Cranial Vertebral Canal Thoracic Diaphragm Abdominopelvic Dorsal 2 specific Ventral 2 specific

  30. Thoracic Cavity 29 3 Most Specific Cavities Lung Lung Pericardial cavity Pleural Cavity Diaphragm Mediastinum Heart

  31. Abdominopelvic Cavity 30 Esophagus Stomach Liver Spleen Pancreas Gallbladder Transverse colon Descending colon Ascending colon Rectum Appendix Small Intestine Pelvic Cavity Urinary bladder Internal reproductive

  32. Serosa - Serous fluid Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Serous membranes 2 tissues = Thin, double layered Parietal serosa - Lines cavity walls Visceral serosa - Covers organs 31

  33. 32 Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium http://science.tjc.edu/images/preserved_heart/heart_emerging_from_sac.jpg

  34. 33 Pleural Cavities Parietal pleura Thoracic wall Visceral pleura cavity Diaphragm

  35. Abdominopelvic cavity 34 Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Retroperitoneal Kidneys Pancreas

  36. 9 Abdominopelvic Regions 35 Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right hypochondriac Right lumbar Left lumbar Right inguinal Left inguinal Hypogastric Umbilical

  37. 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants 36 LUQ RUQ RLQ LLQ Locate site of pain, tumor, abnormalities

  38. Other Body Cavities Orbital Middle ear Synovial Nasal Oral House special sense organs 37

  39. Medical Imaging 38 Computed tomography - Refined x-ray Dime slice Brain, abdominopelvic cavity Xenon CT - Inhale radioactive Absence = stroke Dynamic spatial reconstruction - Ultrafast CT Organ movement Blood flow Digital subtraction angiography - Before & after Contrast dye Small arteries

  40. Positron emission tomography - 39 Nuclear tags Cancer cells Gamma radiation Mapping brain Most active cells Mental illness Ultrasound imaging - Pulsed with sound Reflection - echoes Blurry but safe Magnetic resonance imaging - Excites H in H2O Radio waves Energy release Gray & white matter Tumors Soft tissues Plaques M2A Imaging Capsule - Small intestine

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