The Big Four

1. The Big Four

2. Are you what you eat?

3. 1. The important Characteristics of Carbon • Forms 4 covalent bonds • Forms double and triple bonds • Forms long chains and rings • Can bind with many other elements • Even electron distribution (nonpolar molecules)

4. 2. Macromolecules, Monomers and Polymers(Hint: think of the meaning of the prefixes)

5. What do these words mean? Micro MACRO

6. What does “Mono” mean? 1

7. "Poly" Polygons Polyester Polygamy Means...

8. 2. Macromolecules, Monomers and Polymers • Polymer – Smaller organic molecules join into long chains. • Monomer – the individual unit that builds up polymers • Macromolecules – Very large molecules

9. 3. Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis • These two terms refer to the processes that forms monomers and polymers: • Dehydration synthesis – A reaction that removes molecules of water to form polymers from monomers • Hydrolysis – The reaction that adds water to polymers to separate them to their individual monomers. • (http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html or http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU )

10. Isomers • Molecules that have the same formula, but different structures. • Examples: Glucose and Fructose

11. 4. What are the big four?

12. Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

13. Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. FAT • 1____________________ • 2____________________ • 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) Carbohydrates (13 grams in this product) Protein (9 grams in this product)

14. What is the fourth type of biochemical macromolecule?

15. 4. What are the big four? • Fats (we call them lipids) • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

16. When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out….. • what they do for living things. • what they generally look like. • what their monomers are. • and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life. SO, LETS GET STARTED!

17. Great website for reference… • http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm

18. 5. Carbohydrates • Molecules that form from atoms in C1:H2:O1 ratio • Monomers: Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Monosaccharides are usually sweet, white powdery substances (such as fructose, glucose) that form rings of carbon atoms.

19. Monosaccharides in general serve as direct, quick sources of energy for living organisms during cellular respiration, they are building blocks of many polymers • Important monosaccharides: • Glucose • Fructose

20. Disaccharides – two monosaccharide molecules combine by dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides

21. Important disaccharides: • Lactose – found in milk sugar • Sucrose – table sugar

22. Polysaccharides – many (tens to hundreds) units of monosaccharides combine by dehydration synthesis • Polysaccharides also separate to monosaccharides by hydrolysis while taking in water.

23. Important polysaccharides: • Starch – made up of many glucose units, it is an important storage polysaccharide that is found in plant roots and other tissues. It stores monosaccharides that can be broken down later to release useful energy during cellular respiration – ONLY IN PLANTS • Glycogen – also made up of many glucose units, it is an important storage polysaccharide in the liver and animal muscles. It can also be broken down to monomers to release energy during cellular respiration. ONLY IN ANIMALS • Cellulose – also made up of many glucose units. However, in this case the molecule is not easily broken down to its monomers. It is important for providing a rigid structure in plant cell walls.

24. Chitin – made up of some nitrogen containing monosaccharides. It is an important polysaccharide that provide the solid structure of arthropods and fungi.

25. 6. Lipids • a diverse group of molecules that are nonpolar and generally do not dissolve in water • They mostly contain carbon, hydrogen, very few oxygen atoms, but some also have phosphorous. • There are three distinct groups of lipids: • Simple lipids • Phospholipids • Sterols

26. 6A. Simple Lipids • Very large molecules that form from 2 different kinds of monomers by dehydration synthesis: • 3 Fatty acids – are long chains of carbon with oxygen at the end (can be saturated and unsaturated) • 1 Glycerol – smaller 3-carbon compound.

27. Simple lipids are important as storage materials in all living things. They can store twice as many calories as polysaccharides can. Oils (mostly from plants) contain more unsaturated fatty acids, while fats (animals) contain more saturated fatty acids. • Simple lipids also dissolve vitamins • http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm

28. 6B. Phospholipids • Phospholipids – phosphate containing lipids. • Their monomers: 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated) + phosphate. These monomers combine by dehydration synthesis • Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar sections. As a result, they are able to dissolve in both type of solvents as well. • They are important for living things because they form the borders of all cells (cell membranes) and also participate in forming many cell organelles.

30. 6C. STEROLS • Sterols are a highly nonpolar (hydrophobic) group of molecules. • They occur naturally in plants, animals, and fungi, with the most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol. • Cholesterol is vital to cellular function, and a precursor to fat-soluble vitamins and steroid hormones. • 3-six sided rings and one 5-sided ring + alcohol

31. 7. Proteins • Protein- Polymer constructed from amino acid monomers. • Only 20 amino acids, but make 1,000s of proteins • Some are 100 a.a. in length; some are thousands 3-D Protein

32. 7A. Protein Functions • Each of our 1,000s of proteins has a unique 3-D shape that corresponds to a specific function: • Defensive proteins • Antibodies in your immune system • Signal proteins • Hormones and other messengers • Hemoglobin • Delivers 02 to working muscles • Transport proteins • Move sugar molecules into cells for energy (insulin) • Storage proteins • Ovalbumin (found in egg white) used as a source of amino acid for developing embryos • Most important roles is as enzymes • Chemical catalysts that speed and regulate virtually all chemical reactions in cells • Example, lactase

33. 7B. Amino Acid structure • Proteins diversity is based on differing arrangements of 20 amino acids. • Amino acids all have an amino group and a carboxyl group. • R group is the variable part of the amino acid; determine the specific properties of the 20 amino acids. • Two main types: • Hydrophobic • Example: Leucine • R group is nonpolar and hydrophobic • Hydrophilic • Polar and charged a.a.’s help proteins dissolve in aqueous solutions inside cells. • Example: Serine • R group is a hydroxl group

34. 7C. Amino Acid Dehydration • Cells join amino acids together in a dehydration reaction: • Links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed. • Form a covalent linkage called a peptide bond making a polypeptide.

35. 7D. Protein Structure • Primary Structure • Unique sequence of amino acids • For any protein to perform its specific function, it must have the correct collection of amino acids arranged in a precise order. • Example: a single amino acid change in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease • Determined by inherited genetic information.

36. 7D. Protein Structure • Secondary Structure • Parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns. • Patterns are maintained by regularly spaced hydrogen bonds between the hydrogens of the amino group and the oxygen of the carboxyl groups. • Coiling results in an alpha helix. • Many fibrous proteins have the alpha structure over most of their length • Example: structural protein of hair • Folding leads to a pleated sheet. • Make up the core of many globular proteins • Dominate some fibrous proteins, including the silk proteins of a spider’s web

37. 7D. Protein Structure

38. 7D. Protein Structure • Tertiary Structure • Overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. • Roughly describe as either globular or fibrous • Generally results from interactions among the R groups of amino acids making up the polypeptide.

39. 7D. Protein Structure • Quaternary Structure • Results from association of subunits between two or more polypeptide chains. • Does not form in every protein. • Example, Hemoglobin

40. 8. Nucleic Acids • DNA and RNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) • Monomers made up of nucleotides: • Nucleotides consist of: • A five carbon sugar, deoxyribose • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine) • Double helix consists of: • Sugar-phosphate backbone held by covalent bonds • Nitrogen bases are hydrogen bonded together; A pairs with T and C pairs with G

41. 8A. Nucleotides of DNA

42. 8B. DNA • Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. • Genes • Specific stretches of DNA that program amino acid sequences of proteins.

43. 8C. RNA • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) • Intermediary for making proteins • Single-stranded • Also made up of monomers of nucleotides • Nucleotide of RNA: • Sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose) • Phosphate group • Nitrogen bases (Adenine, Uracil (instead of Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine)

44. 9. Enzymes • (First half of chapter 5) • Before we can understand how these important proteins function, we are going to look at: • Types of Energy • Chemical Reactions • ATP

45. 9A. Types of Energy • Energy: The capacity to perform work • Potential energy • A form of potential energy is chemical energy (energy of molecules) • Kinetic energy • A form of kinetic energy is heat

46. 9A. Types of Energy • Thermodynamics: the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. • 1.1st Law of Thermodynamics • Law of energy conservation energy cannot be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred and transformed • By converting sunlight to chemical energy, plants are acting as an energy “transformer,” not an energy producer.

47. 9A. Types of Energy • 2.2nd Law of Thermodynamics • Energy conversions reduce the order of the universe and increase its entropy (the amount of disorder in a system). • During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy becomes unusable. In most energy transformations, some energy is converted to heat, the energy associated with random molecular motion. • When muscle cells convert the chemical energy of food molecules to kinetic energy, more than half of the energy is lost as heat. • Released during sweating.

48. 9B. Chemical Reactions • Chemical reactions can store or release chemical energy. • endergonic – a reaction where energy is taken in by the reactants to form the products (like dehydration synthesis or photosynthesis) • exergonic – a reaction where energy is released by the reactants to form the products (like cellular respiration) • Frequently, exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions – energy coupling

49. 9B. Chemical Reactions

50. 9C. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) • ATP: • A modified nucleotide molecule that powers all cellular work directly. • Its structure: adenine, ribose and three phosphates are combined by dehydration synthesis