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Chapter One

Chapter One. The Scope of Biology. Global to Microscopic. Bio = Life Ology = the study of Biology – natural science that is the study of living things on a global scale of the entire planet down to the microscopic world. Large to Small.

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Chapter One

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  1. Chapter One The Scope of Biology

  2. Global to Microscopic • Bio = Life Ology = the study of • Biology – natural science that is the study of living things on a global scale of the entire planet down to the microscopic world

  3. Large to Small • Biosphere – all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things (land, water, atmosphere) • Ecosystem – community of living things and the environment that supports them (plants, animals, air, water, and sunlight) • Ecosystems are very diverse and dynamic (changing) Desert Marsh Pond Rainforest • All ecosystems combined • make up the biosphere

  4. Large to Small • Organism – Individual living thing • Different types of organisms within their environment make up an ecosystem • Cell – basic units of structure and function within an organism • Organisms are made up of one or more cells • Unicellular – single cell • Multicellular – many cells

  5. Large to Small • DNA and Genes • DNA – molecule responsible for inheritance • Instructs cell to make all important molecules • Gene - hereditary segment for a single trait

  6. Life’s Diversity • Life is very diverse; it contains thousands of different species • Species – a distinct form of life • Insects are the most diverse group of animals • Canis familiaris Canis lupus

  7. Classification • Classification is needed because life is so diverse and there are so many different kinds of organisms • Classification – organizing similar species into larger groups • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnF_UdPbJZ0

  8. The Three Domains of Life • Domain – Broadest category of classification • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya

  9. The Three Domains of Life • Kingdoms – category of classification after domains • 4 kingdoms within Eukarya domain • Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists • 1 kingdom within Archaea domain • Archaebacteria • 1 kingdom within the Bacteria domain • Eubacteria

  10. Archaea and bacteria domains contain very small and simple organisms; unicellular and prokaryotic cells The Three Domains of Life • Prokaryotic – cells without nuclei • The Eukarya domain contains more complex organisms; most are multicellular and have eukaryotic cells • Eukaryotic – cells with a nuclei

  11. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 1. Biological Systems • System – complex organization formed from a simpler combination of parts • Made up of levels of organization • Atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system Organism • Applies to all levels of life: • Biosphere – cells

  12. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 2. Cellular Basis of Life • All living things are made up of cells and have levels of organization.

  13. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 3. Form and Function • Form is unique to its function • Ex. The shape of a bird’s wings = fly • Nerve cell has long fibers = direct movement

  14. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 4. Reproduction and Inheritance • Inheritance is passed through reproduction • Genes contain DNA which carries information for certain characteristics • During cellular division, DNA is copied • Egg (mom DNA) fuses with sperm (dad DNA) • Creates individual with some inherited traits

  15. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 5. Interaction with the Environment • All organisms interact with its environment • Photosynthesis - process by which plants make food • We depend on oxygen • Cellular respiration – process by which animals use food to create energy • Plants depend on carbon dioxide

  16. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 6. Energy and Life • All life processes require energy • Energy - the ability to do work • Energy flow within and ecosystem • Sunlight – producers - consumers • Energy then exits as heat • Producers (autotrophs) - produce own food • Consumers (heterotrophs) – organisms that can not make their own food and depend on other autotrophs or heterotrophs

  17. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 7. Regulation • Homeostasis - the ability of an organism to keep conditions inside the body constant • (sweating, shivering)

  18. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 8. Adaptation and Evolution • Living things adapt • Adaptation- any characteristic or change that helps the organism survive or live successfully in its environment • Population – localized group of organisms belonging to the same species • Natural Selection - process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environments survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do • Evolution – change through time

  19. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 9. Biology and Society • Biology is everywhere in society Why is Biology important? • 1. Medicine (bird flu, swine flu, Ebola, zika) • 2. Agriculture (Growing genetically engineered food) • 3. Industry (Use of bacteria to break down sewage: efficiency)

  20. Ten Unifying Themes of Life • 10. Scientific Inquiry • Because Biology is a science, there is a reliance on certain processes of inquiry • Scientific Method - an organized approach to help understand how the natural world works

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