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Biological Chemistry

Water, a polar molecule making up 50-75% of body weight, plays a critical role as a universal solvent in biological systems. It exhibits unique properties such as cohesion, adhesion, and thermal stability. Organic chemistry encompasses vital biomolecules: carbohydrates (saccharides), lipids (fats, oils), proteins (peptides, amino acids), and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) that are essential for cellular function. Each class of molecules has distinct properties and functions, influencing energy storage, cellular structure, and biochemical reactions crucial for life.

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Biological Chemistry

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  1. Biological Chemistry

  2. Water • Polar Molecule that creates 50-75% body weight • Polar Molecule: ? • b/c polar, held together by weak H+ bonds

  3. Functions of Water • Universal Solvent • Cohesive • Adhesive • Reactivity • Thermal Stabilty

  4. Mixtures with Water • Solution: solute ( less than 1 nm )mixed with solvent • Colloid: 1-100nm molecule mixed with water • Suspension: over 100 nm molecule suspended in water • Emulsion: combination of water with hydrophobic liquid

  5. Organic Chemistry • Carbohydrates: Saccharides: CHO • Fats: Lipids • Triglycerides • Phospholipids • Eicosanoids • Sterol Proteins: Peptides

  6. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides: C6H12O6 • Disaccharides: C12H22O11 + H2O • Polysaccharides • Starches • Glycogen • Cellulose

  7. Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis

  8. The Citric Acid Cycle

  9. Lipids • Hydrophobic molecules • Less oxidized than carbohydrates….therefore more caloric value • Energy lipids vs. non-energy lipids

  10. Fatty Acids

  11. Saturated Fatty Acids 10% • Carry maximal hydrogen • Long chain fatty acid: solid at room temp. • Short chain saturated fats: liquid at room temp. (e.g., coconut oil)

  12. Monounsaturated Fats 10% • Has 1 C=C • Short chain fatty acids = what physical characteristic? • CaproleicAcid • Lauroleic Acid • Myristoleic Acid • Palmoteic Acid • Oleic Acid (Omega 9) • Eruric Acid (Omega 9)

  13. Omega 9 Fatty Acids • Terminal double bond at 9 carbon • Not considered essential • b/c no n6 bond….does not promote eicosanoids • Olive oil, canola, rapeseed, mustard oil

  14. Polyunsaturated Fats 10% • 2 or more C=C • Contain Essential PUFAs: • Omega 3 • Omega 6

  15. Omega 3 • Alpha Linolenic Acid n-3 • Sources: soybean oil, canola oil, walnuts, wheat germ, flax, fishes, chia, hemp seeds, algaes, leaves • Converted by liver into : • Eicosapantaenic Acid • Docoshexanoic Acid

  16. Functions • Neurological development • Reduce vascular disease • Reduce tumor growth • Reduce inflammation • Reduce CVD • Improved immune function • Cell structure

  17. Omega 6 • Linoleic Acid n-6 • Sources: most vegetable oil, nuts, seeds • Converted by the liver: • Arachidoic Acid • Docosopantanoic Acid

  18. Functions • Promotes dermal integrity • Visual health • Cell structure

  19. Problems Associated • Proinflammatory • Eicosanoid: • Leukotrienes: inflammation • Thromboxane: platelet aggregation • Prostanglandins: immune and inflammation response

  20. Diseases Associated • CVD • CHD • Cancer • Artherosclerosis • Alzheimers • Obesity • Diabetes • ADHD • Stroke • Arthritis • Osteoporosis • ETC!!!

  21. TransFatty Acid (TFA)

  22. Structural Comparison • Trans position • Rigid • Cis-position • Fluid

  23. Dangers • Promotes increased Coronary Heart Disease (1956) and Cardiovascular Disease by increasing LDL and decreasing HDL • New England Journal of Medicine • National Academy of Science

  24. Triglyceride Structure

  25. Structural Fats Phospholipids and Cholesterol

  26. Phospholipid Structure

  27. Eicosanoids • Signaling molecules created from the oxidation of 20 carbon fatty acids • Linked to inflammation

  28. Peptides • Peptides are polymer chains composed of amino acid monomers joined by peptide bonds

  29. Essential Amino Acids(9) • Cannot produce • Must be derived from exogenous sources • Histidine • Isoleucine • Leucine • Lysine • Methionine • Phenylalanine • Threonine • Typtophan • Valine

  30. Nonessential Amino Acids(11) • Can produce endogenously • Alanine • Arginine • Asparagine • Aspartic Acid • Cysteine • Glutamic Acid • Glutamine • Glycine • Proline • Serine • Tyrosine

  31. Peptide Bond

  32. Protein Structure

  33. Polypeptide Function • Nitrogen balance • Fluid balance • Enzymes • pH balance • Blood Clotting • Hormones • Antibodies • Protein Synthesis • Gluconeogenesis

  34. Nucleic Acids • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid • Nucleotide monomers joined by covalent bonds • Responsible for transfer of genetic material

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