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The Evolving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Record from ICOADS

The Evolving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Record from ICOADS. Scott Woodruff , NOAA/ESRL Richard W. Reynolds, NOAA/NCDC Elizabeth C. Kent, UK NOCS Steven J. Worley, NCAR. Dec 1942. “Climate Variability and Extremes During the Past 100 Years” Gwatt, Switzerland, 24-26 July 2006. Aim.

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The Evolving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Record from ICOADS

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  1. The Evolving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Record from ICOADS Scott Woodruff, NOAA/ESRL Richard W. Reynolds, NOAA/NCDC Elizabeth C. Kent, UK NOCS Steven J. Worley, NCAR Dec 1942 “Climate Variability and Extremes During the Past 100 Years” Gwatt, Switzerland, 24-26 July 2006

  2. Aim • Review current status and future challenges of global SST data • Focus: in situ & 20th Century Outline • Evolution of… • SST observing system • ICOADS (SST plus other variables) • product development • Future directions

  3. Evolving…SSTobserving sys • Brussels 1853 Maritime Conf. • Voluntary Observing Ships • Buoys & other automated Ocean Data Acquisition Systems (ODAS): 1970s • Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission • Formed: 1999

  4. Recent SST Adequacy:GCOS Essential Climate Variable (ECV) WCRP WGASF: net heat flux to 10W/m2 per 5 box • Best observed ECV • Only ECV to have improved in data quality since 1980’s • Highly complex data mixture, even recently

  5. Historical SST Sources [Bucket photos courtesy of David Parker, Met Office]

  6. Modern SST sources Not in ICOADS - GHRSST Pilot Project: for satellite SST

  7. Observing System (OS) ChangesSST per 2 box per month 45% of possible 2° boxes have 5 samples/month in the 70-80’s Decreasing low counts due to reduced ships observations Increasing high counts due to high frequency sampling from buoys

  8. OS changes: % at UTC obs time US GMN obs 6-hrly ships > buoy reports

  9. Evolving…ICOADS International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set • Cooperative NOAA-NCAR project - Releases: • 1: 1854-1979 (done 1985) • 2.3: 1784-2005 (done 2006) • SST plus other variables • Delayed-mode (DM) data • Ship & ocean profile temps. (≤ 3m): thru 1997 • Buoys: thru 2004 • Real-time (GTS) only: for 2005

  10. SST obs per 2 box per decade 1900-09 1920-29 1940-49 1960-69 by R2.3 (2006) 1980-89 2000-05 R1 (1985) R2 (2002)

  11. Platform Mix: 1936-2005 > GTS drifter reports consolidated in DM

  12. VOS Metadata Blend:WMO Pub. 47 (~annual) Declining VOS… Reports with metadata [With Liz Kent & Dave Berry, UK NOCS]

  13. Benefits from DM Data and Metadata:SST method indicator Potential usage in bias adjustments to help improve the long-term climate change record

  14. Evolving…SST Product Development • ICOADS monthly summaries (2/1 - unanalyzed) • No bias adj. (Worley et al., Woodruff et al., 2005) • Blended satellite + in situ, e.g.: • NOAA OI.v2 (Reynolds et al., 2002) (new Oct ‘06) • Historical reconstructions, e.g.: • NOAA ERSST.v2 (Smith & Reynolds, 2004) • HadISST1.1, HadSST2 (Rayner et al., 2003, 2005) • Kaplan et al. (1998), Ishii et al. (2005), etc.

  15. SST: Dec 1942 ICOADS HadISST ERSST

  16. 90N Nighttime Zonal Bias: AVHRR - HadSST2 AVHRR Pathfinder: Reanalysis: w/ residual problems 90S '82 '05 90N AVHRR Operational: seasonal cycle of biases in mid latitudes 90S In situ data remain vital for bias-adjusting the satellite data (including GHRSST-PP)

  17. Future Directions • Digitization & blending of new data/metadata • Improved QC and bias adjustments • Availability of other ECVs in ICOADS to validate SST (e.g., AT) • Improved climate-quality analyses • Accelerating international SST efforts

  18. Digitize & Blend New Data

  19. SST Bias Example:Bucket vs. Intake SST Historical Metadata are Critical • VOS: back to 1955 (blended for 1973-) • ODAS metadata: fragmented/missing • New JCOMM/China meta-database

  20. Recent SST Biases: Ship and Buoy Differences • Buoy SST colder than ship (mixed sensors) • More buoys later: increasing bias • Southern Oceans: drifting buoys • Tropics: + TAO • OI.v2 similar to ship+buoy

  21. META-T Pilot Project • JCOMM Workshop to establish a Pilot Project for the collection of real-time (RT) metadata re SST and temperature profiles (March 2006, UK) • Goals: • Facilitate use of ocean temp. data • Harmonize ocean & met-ocean practices • Seeking agreed formats & practices

  22. Conclusions SST Observing System: high level of heterogeneity ICOADS: widely used, but declining NOAA budgets Product developments: ICOADS is critical foundation Future: More data, bias adj., climate-quality analyses International efforts: GHRSST-PP, META-T, etc. CLIMAR-III: 3rd JCOMM Workshop on Advances in Marine ClimatologyPlanned for Early 2008

  23. Links and References icoads.noaa.gov ioc.unesco.org/jcomm/ www.ghrsst-pp.org • Ishii, M., A. Shouji, S. Sugimoto, and T. Matsumoto, 2005: Objective analyses of sea-surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection. Int. J. Climatol. (CLIMAR-II Special Issue), 25, 865-879 (DOI: 10.1002/joc.1169). • Kaplan, A., M.A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, A.C. Clement, M.B. Blumenthal, and B. Rajagopalan, 1998: Analysis of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991. J. Geophys. Res., 103(C9), 18567-18589. • Rayner, N.A., D.E. Parker, E.B. Horton, C.K. Folland, L.V. Alexander, D.P. Rowell, E.C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670. • Rayner, N.A., P. Brohan, D.E. Parker, C.K. Folland, J.J. Kennedy, M. Vanicek, T.J. Ansell, and S.F.B. Tett, 2006: Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in sea surface temperature measured in situ since the mid-nineteenth century: The HadSST2 dataset. J. Climate, 19, 446-469. • Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes, and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625. • Smith, T.M., and R.W. Reynolds, 2004: Improved extended reconstruction of SST (1854-1997). J. Climate, 17, 2466-2477. • Woodruff, S.D., H.F. Diaz, S.J. Worley, R.W. Reynolds, and S.J. Lubker, 2005: Early ship observational data and ICOADS. Climatic Change, 73, 169-194. • Worley, S.J., S.D. Woodruff, R.W. Reynolds, S.J. Lubker, and N. Lott, 2005: ICOADS Release 2.1 data and products. Int. J. Climatol. (CLIMAR-II Special Issue), 25, 823-842 (DOI: 10.1002/joc.1166).

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