Education and Language: Catalunya and the Basque Country

1. Education and Language: Catalunya and the Basque Country Rhian Niblett, Camilla Scott, Katie Tanner, Isabel Lozano, Paula Gloger, James Chetwood

2. Catalanisation of Pre-primary to Secondary Education The major official policies and legislation • 1951 – Deixonne law • 1978 – Constitution – Royal decree • 1978 – Catalan teaching service established • 1979 – Statute of Autonomy • 1980 – School system transfer from central state to Catalan government • 1983 – Law of linguistic normalisation • 1990 – LOGSE and recognition from European Parliament • 1992 – Decree • 1998 - Law

3. Funding Immigrant children in schools Catalan in the education system • Pre-primary • Primary • Secondary Teacher requirements and training Additional educational organisations

4. Conclusion • For a closer look at the linguistic situation in Catalunya… • Aranese • Catalan in the Balaeric Islands • Valenciano

5. Secondary Vocational Education • New measures to improve the FP • Plan General de FP en Catalunya (2007-2010)

6. Higher Education • Catalan in Universities • Legal statutes and official policies • Structure of university courses adapted to the EHEA

7. Adult Education • Ley de la Comunidad Autonoma de Catalunya: • Articulo 69 - Objectives of adult education • Articulo 70 – Types of adult education • Articulo 71 – Collaboration with local councils in adult education

8. Catalan in France • Promotional organisations involved in promoting introduction and use of Catalan within education system: • Federació per a la Defensa de la Llengua i de la Cultura Catalanes • GREC (1969) • La Bressola (1976), Arrels (1980) • APLEC

9. Education Laws • Deixonne law 1951 • CEDACC – official policy 1978 by municipality of Perpignan • Ministerial memorandum 1982 • Bilingual education – 1994 - official option in Perpignan

10. Pre-school and primary education • Lower secondary education – 1 hour per week Catalan classes • General secondary education – 3 hours per week • Vocational education centres

11. Higher Education • University of Perpignan.. • DEUG degree • Masters degree • Postgraduate diploma • Erasmus programme • Teacher training institute

12. Conclusion • Recent figures with regards to language use… • 49% can speak Catalan • 16% of these found it difficult to speak • 16% of 18-24 year olds speak Catalan well • 73% of over 65’s speak Catalan well • 66% speak it often, 23% occasionally, 7% rarely and 3% never

13. Education and Language: Euskal Herria • Ley Básica de Normalización y Uso del Euskera – 1982 (esp ch. 2) • Artículo 15 – “Se reconoce a todo alumno el derecho de recibir la enseñanza tanto en euskera como en castellano en los diversos niveles educativos.” • Artículo 16, 17, 19, 20

14. Table 1: names and definitions of bilingual teaching models (The Basque language in education in Spain, 2005)

15. Table 8: primary and secondary students by language model (percentages) (Ibid, 2005)

16. Higher Education • 5 universities in the Spanish Basque Country • Main public university – Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea • Basque Philology • 1993-1994 academic year, 17,3% of students in the first year opted to study in Basque. • 1997 –98 - 21.5% • Basque speaking lecturers: • 370 in 1988-89 to 764 in 1997-98. • 2002-03 – number of bilingual teachers = 1111 • 38% of students at the university that year studied wholly or partly through the medium of Basque

17. Teacher training • IRALE programme – offering teachers the opportunity to learn Basque • 2003-2004 - 617 • Adult education • Udal Euskaltegiak – 1981 • Adults who may not have had the opportunity to learn Basque growing up in the Franco era. • At its height – 50,000 adults but 2003-2004 – 40,000 adults

18. Conclusion • 2005 – a positive forecast for the future of the Basque language in education • Basque language = national politics • May 5th 2009 – the election of the first socialist government for nearly 3 decades • Patxi Lopez - Halt a programme aimed at making Basque the main language in schools. • Isabel Celaá “estarán en pie de igualdad”

19. Language status in France • French political system based on a single unified state • French is the only official language • Basque has no official status

20. Basque in France • Basque speaking area of France is called Iparralde or the Northern Basque Country • 24.7% of its inhabitants speak Basque • Number of Basque speakers declining, but the rate of decline has decreased • Basque has never been used by the authorities

21. Promoting the Basque Language • The Public Office of the Basque Language • The Seaska Association • Ikas-Bi • Euskal Haziak

22. French Education System • Largely state controlled • 28 académies • Iparralde is part of the académie of Bordeaux • Bilingual education is available in both public and private schools

23. 3 strands of schooling in the Northern Basque Country • Public schools – some bilingual, some just teach in French • Catholic schools – same as public schools • Basque schools (Ikastolas) – primarily taught in Basque but aim to bring children up bilingual

24. Fillon Law • A new law of orientation for the future of the school introduced in 2005 • Significant change to the place granted to regional languages in the French school system • Not able to choose a regional language as a modern language at primary or secondary level

25. Adult Education • Mainly based on private initiatives. • AEK in charge of creating a greater awareness of Basque • Specific classes for council workers and civil servants

27. Bibliography • Book sources: • La diversidad de lenguas en España- Extebarria, Maitena, Espasa Madrid 2002 • El bilingüismo en el estado español – Etxebarria, Maitena. Ediciones FBV Bilbao 1995 • Internet sources: • Gobierno de Catalunya - http://www.gencat.cat/ • Gobierno del Pais Vasco - http://www.euskadi.net/r33-2220/es • http://www.mercator-research.eu/ • http://ec.europa.eu/ • http://www.idescat.cat/ • http://www.flarep.com/IKAS-BI/indexikas-bi.html • http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i5/i5.html