The British, French and Dutch Colonies in North America:

1. The British, French and Dutch Colonies in North America: Canada, New England, Middle and Southern

2. Standards: • SSUSH1: Compare and contrast the development of English settlement and colonization during the 17th Century. • SSUSH2: Describe the early English colonial society and investigate the development of its governance.

3. The French in North America • While the English settled along the COAST of North America… • The French settled the INTERIOR… • Hoping to take part in the FUR TRADE. • Quebec, on the St. Lawrence river, became the capital of NEW FRANCE… • And unlike the English, the French had generally GOOD relations with the Indians.

4. The Fur Trade One reason the French could not afford to anger the Indians… Was because they RELIED on the Indians to supply them with FUR. The BEAVER HAT had become WILDLY POPULAR in Europe… And the Indians provided beaver fur… In exchange for guns, cloth, jewelry and liquor.

5. The Puritans • The Puritans were a group of Christian Protestants living in England during the 1600’s. • They had come to believe that the Church of England—the only LEGAL religious institution in the country— • Was UNHOLY— • And needed to be… • PURIFIED. • However, their attempts to challenge the Church were largely blocked by both Church leaders and British law.

6. The Voyage of the Mayflower The FIERCEST and MOST RADICAL of the Puritans were known as the Puritan Separatists— For their refusal to attend Church of England services— Which carried the risk of FINES, IMPRISONMENT and EXECUTION. After a number of their leaders were sentenced to death— The Separatists— Also called the… Pilgrims— Fled Great Britain— First to Holland— Then to North America, in 1620.

7. The Mayflower Compact • Upon reaching the North American coastline… • The Pilgrims drew up an agreement... • Whereby they would select REPRESENTATIVES… • Who would issue RULES for the new colony… • Rules that APPLIED TO EVERYBODY. • This concept is called “self-government”… • And was the first such example in the English colonies.

8. Plymouth Colony • The Pilgrims’ colony was named PLYMOUTH, and it was a DISASTER… • They knew VERY LITTLE about FARMING and almost NOTHING about how to survive in North America. • The first winter, half of them died. • The next summer, however, a Native American named Squanto taught them how to plant corn andclear fields… • And their second harvest was so bountiful that they decided to hold a feast of thanks… • Thanksgiving, 1621.

9. For what reason did the French establish settlements in North America? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) to pursue religious freedom. B.) to take part in the fur trade. C.) to challenge British control of Canada. D.) to explore undiscovered lands. E.)

10. What was the reason for the Pilgrims' founding of Plymouth Colony? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) the colony was to be used as a base from which to hunt for gold. B.) in order to convert the Indian population to Christianity. C.) so that they could take part in the tobacco industry. D.) to establish a place where they could freely practice the Puritan religion. E.)

11. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Ten years after the founding of Plymouth Colony— • A group of 11 ships and 700 Puritans led by John Winthrop, landed near Plymouth, in Salem, Massachusetts. • This new colony, much larger than Plymouth had ever been, was called the Massachusetts Bay Colony. • Winthrop called Mass Bay “A City Upon a Hill”— • Calling for the settlement to be an example of a PURE society for the rest of the world to follow… • It had a HIGH standard of living… • And quickly attracted THOUSANDS of additional settlers… • During a period called the GREAT MIGRATION.

12. Puritan Life The Puritans were strictly INTOLERANT— They DID NOT ACCEPT individuals of any other religion but Puritan Christianity. Church attendance was MANDATORY… And citizens were encouraged to SPY on their neighbors… And to report any IMPURE behavior. Punishments for IMPURITY were often HARSH… And included whippings, beatings and expulsion from the colony.

13. Anne Hutchinson Moved to Massachusetts Bay from England in 1634… And started hold Bible studies in her home… Where she began questioning Puritan beliefs… Particularly the story of Adam and Eve… And how it BLAMES Eve for exposing Adam to original sin. She was put on trial for her actions… And BANISHED from the Colony… She later joined Roger Williams... Then moved to unsettled territory in New York… Where she and her entire family were scalped by Indians.

14. The Half-Way Covenant • Membership in the Puritan Church required a verifiable mystical experience… • Wherein a person had DIRECT contact with God. • As the population of New England began to grow… • Many of the newly-arrived could not claim such an experience… • And were not allowed to join the Puritan Church… • Which made them second-class citizens. • Eventually the “Halfway Covenant” was established… • Which allowed for people to “halfway” join the Church, without having to verify contact with God. • Many people felt, however, that this agreement undermined the strict religious framework upon which the colony had been founded.

15. The Devil Arrives • The Puritan Church had lowered its criteria for membership— • Thousands of newly arriving settlers were not interested in holding themselves to the strict standards of personal behavior set by the original founders— • And incidents of public drunkenness, adultery and blasphemy were on the increase. • WHO WAS BEHIND THIS WICKEDNESS? • The Devil. Satan. And who represents Satan on Earth? • Witches.

16. The Salem Witch Trials • The atmosphere of 1690’s Massachusetts was one in which people were easily inclined to believe in witches and witchcraft— • And when two young girls began exhibiting strangebehavior—writhing on the ground and uttering weird noises— • It was immediately suspected that they’d been BEWITCHED. • Upon questioning, they accused three women of having cast satanic spells on them: • A homeless beggar, a woman who rarely attended church, and a slave woman. • They were quickly arrested and put on trial—which caused a firestorm of publicity— • Which made the two girls issue dozens more accusations. • Ultimately, nineteen of the accused were executed and several more died in prison.

17. The Half-Way Covenant was... iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) a compromise between the strict Puritan beliefs of the Massachusetts Bay founders and the less-religious newcomers to the colony. B.) a way for the Puritan leadership to exercise control over Massachusetts Bay society. C.) an example of King George III's efforts to prevent self-rule in Massachusetts Bay. D.) part of a larger colonial trend of attempting to convert the Native American population to Christianity. E.)

18. Anne Hutchinson was... iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) interested in reforming the Puritan Church. B.) determined to destroy the Puritan Church. C.) given a position of great power in the Puritan Church. D.) an opponent of religious tolerance in the New England colonies. E.)

19. The events surrounding the Salem Witch Trials are BEST seen as an illustration of... iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) the influence of anti-government activity in the British colonies. B.) the dangers of self-government and freedom of speech. C.) a feeling among many Puritans that the colonies had abandoned their religious foundation. D.) the work of a French conspiracy to cause turmoil in the British colonies. E.)

20. The Native Population By the latter part of the 1600’s, there were five major colonies in New England: Massachusetts Bay Plymouth New Haven Rhode Island and Connecticut… There were 110 established towns; and 80,000 white people. The native population of the region, largely because of the introduction of diseases like smallpox— Had been reduced to less than 10,000. Faced with the threat of extinction in New England, an alliance of various Native tribes began attacking the colonial settlements.

21. King Phillip’s War • The conflict that resulted is called King Phillip’s War after the Indian chieftain who was considered to be the leader of native resistance to white settlement in New England— “I am determined not to live until I have no country”. • It was a war of attrition, with each side determined to UTTERLY ELIMINATE the other— • And in less than one year, 12 colonial towns had been destroyed; the New England economy had crumbled; and 1/10 of all military-age white men had been killed. • The tide turned when the Indians, whose food supply generally came from farming small plots of land, began to starve— • While the colonists received food and military supplies by sea from Great Britain. • When the natives finally surrendered, they numbered only 15% of the New England population (down from 100%)— • And it was the END of Indian resistance to white settlement in the Northeast.

22. Which statement BEST describes the RESULT of King Phillip's War? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) the war resulted in an alliance between the British and the Native Americans. B.) the war led to the Spanish takeover of parts of Western Canada. C.) the war caused parts of the Puritan Church to splinter into opposing segments. D.) the war secured British control of New England and eliminated the Indian threat to white settlements in that region. E.)

23. The ECONOMIC and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT of the AMERICAN COLONIES.

24. The Original 13 Colonies

25. Mercantilism • Mercantilism is when a country attempts to gain as many rawmaterials (resources) as possible so they can export more than they import. • European countries wanted to colonize America due to the vast amount of resources available. • Mercantilism would make European countries very wealthy.

26. How Does Mercantilism Work? • Britain FORCED the colonies to sell raw materials to British businesses… • It was ILLEGAL for American businessmen to sell such materials to ANY OTHER COUNTRY but Great Britain. • The British then turned those raw materials into FINISHED goods… • And sold them for gold and silver. • Mercantilism made many British businesses VERY RICH… • But it upset the colonists because they were FORBIDDEN to export their raw materials to ANY OTHER nation… • Even if another nation offered MORE MONEY than the British.

27. The Triangle Trade • Mercantilist policies turned North America into part of a transcontinental network of commerce called the Triangular Trade. • Raw Materials were produced in the AMERICAS… • Shipped to EUROPE… • And turned into MANUFACTURED GOODS (guns, pots & pans, furniture)… • Which were traded in West Africa for… • SLAVES… • Who were used to produce RAW MATERIALS in the AMERICAS… • Etc., etc.

28. The Middle Passage • The MIDDLE PASSAGE refers to the journey of slave ships… • From WEST AFRICA… • To North & South America. • The slaves were locked below deck for the entire journey… • And between twenty and forty percent died on the way… • Of disease, starvation, thirst, etc.

29. Mercantilism... iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) is an economic policy that promotes the well-being of colonies over that of the mother country. B.) is a social policy that calls for religious tolerance and open government. C.) is an economic policy whereby the British used the colonies as a source of raw materials. D.) is a military policy in which the mother country pays for the security and protection of its colonies. E.)

30. Contributions of African Slaves • When slaves were brought to America, they helped influence our culture via architecture, agriculture, and food-ways. • Slave quarters were built to resemble African homes – clay bricks, steep sloping roofs, and wide overhands made from hand cut lumber. • Slaves had the tough job of planting crops like: tobacco, rice, cotton, and sugar. • Slaves brought used a lot of their recipes and food traditions when cooking in the colonies.

31. The New England Colonies • The NEW ENGLAND colonies… • MASSACHUSETTS… • RHODE ISLAND… • CONNECTICUT…AND… • NEW HAMPSHIRE… • Were the most RELIGIOUS… • The BEST EDUCATED… • And had economies based on FISH, FUR & LUMBER.

32. Economic Development in the Middle Colonies • The MIDDLE… • Or MID-ATLANTIC colonies were… • NEW YORK… • NEW JERSEY… • DELAWARE…AND… • PENNSYLVANIA. • Their populations were DIVERSE— • English, Irish, Dutch, Scottish, German, Swedish… • And their economy was devoted to BUYING AND SELLING. • Consequently, there were FEW SLAVES in the Middle Colonies.

33. William Penn The colony of Pennsylvania was settled when King Charles II gave William Penn a huge tract of land in order pay off a gambling debt. Penn, a Quaker, dreamed of a safe haven for fellow Quakers— Who were universally abused for their pacifism and their refusal to defer to social superiors. The Constitution of Pennsylvania guaranteed: Trial by jury… Freedom of religion… And free elections. The capital—Philadelphia—attracted swarms of settlers and became one of the largest, richest and most important cities in colonial America.

34. The Dutch Settle New Amsterdam • The Dutch (from the Netherlands) were the first to settle a region of North America that they named New Amsterdam… • It attracted MANY different kinds of people because the Dutch are TOLERANT. • The colony quickly became a major center of COMMERCE… • And was later taken over by the BRITISH… • Who renamed the colony… • NEW YORK.

35. The Southern Colonies • The SOUTHERN colonies are: • MARYLAND… • VIRGINIA… • The CAROLINAS…AND… • GEORGIA. • The economic BASIS in the South was… • AGRICULTURE… • And the economy of the South came to be entirely dependent upon… • SLAVERY.

36. In which colonial region was RELGION the most important aspect of society? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) New England. B.) Middle. C.) Southern. D.) E.)

37. Which colonial region was the most TOLERANT and DIVERSE? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) New England. B.) Middle. C.) Southern. D.) E.)

38. Which colonial region was the MOST dependent upon agriculture and the use of slave labor? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F A.) New England. B.) Middle. C.) Southern. D.) E.)

39. In which colonial region were the cities of New York and Philadelphia established? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F 9470536F-DD8C-3C4E-A824-4891B33E9ABD A.) New England. B.) Middle. C.) Southern. D.) E.)

40. Which colonial region developed an economy that was based on buying and selling? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F 3A724552-13EE-CB4C-BBCA-E99D92F14CF1 A.) New England. B.) Middle. C.) Southern. D.) E.)

41. Benjamin Franklin • No person better symbolizes the OPPORTUNITIES offered in the American colonies than Benjamin Franklin. • In Europe, a person’s ability to become economically successful… • Depended upon one’s family background. • If you were BORN POOR… • You STAYED POOR. • Franklin, however, came from NOTHING… • And worked his way up to great wealth, fame, influence and power… • Simply through HARD WORK and INTELLIGENCE. • The opportunity of SOCIAL MOBILITY for EVERYBODY… • Made America UNIQUE in the world.

42. The Great Awakening Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s. Its leaders were George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. Religious pluralism was promoted by the idea that all Protestant denominations were legitimate. Preachers wanted to convert all people regardless of race, gender, and status.