1. Water

1. 1. Water

2. Water forms hydrogen bonds between molecules, with the force of attraction coming between opposite poles Due to its polar structure when water freezes it traps oxygen thus making it less dense and able to float O H H Water is the universal solvent, meaning that most substances dissolve in it. Water (H2O) is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. They are held together by polar bonds which give a slight + and – charge to opposite sides

3. 1. When the cells of most organisms freeze, they burst. Which property of water causes this to occur? • a. Water is a universal solvent • b. Water changes temperatures rapidly • c. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid • d. Water is a nonpolar molecule

4. 2. What characteristic of Part 1 of Structure A gives it the ability to attract water molecules? Structure A a. acidity b. conductivity c. density d. polarity

5. 2. Macromolecules

6. Used in cellular respiration Used for Energy Make up cell membranes Glucose created in photosynthesis Subunits: Simple Sugars Steroids, hormones, fats, waxes Make up sugars Subunits: Fatty acids Carbohydrate Lipids Four Basic Macromolecules Nucleic Acids Proteins Subunits: Nucleotides Make up DNA & RNA Subunits: Amino Acids Stores genetic info Made of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases Created in the ribosomes Used to create proteins Make up enzymes Adenine, Guanine, & Cytosine on both DNA and RNA DNA: Thymine RNA: Uracil

7. The major role of carbohydrates in the human diet is to • form cell membranes • catalyze cellular reactions • supply energy for the body • provide building blocks for proteins

8. Which of these supply the main energy source used in cellular respiration? • Lipids • amino acids • nucleic acids • carbohydrates

9. The cell wall of a plant helps the plant cell maintain its shape. What is the main structural component of the cell wall of a plant? • Lipid • Cellulose • amino acid • nucleic acid

10. Which statement describes the major role of lipids within a cell? • They cause DNA to replicate • The move RNA in the cytoplasm • The catalyze chemical reactions in the cell cytoplasm • The are the main structural components of membranes

11. A dog gets many nutrients from its food including amino acids. Which of these can be built directly using the amino acids • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Lipids • minerals

12. Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA molecule? • fatty acids • Nucleotides • amino acids • chromosomes

13. Cardinals are birds that spend the winter in Maryland. Many people feed them sunflower seeds during the winter months. Some of the carbohydrates in the cardinal’s diet come from these seeds. Describe:- the building blocks of carbohydrates- how the sunflower produce carbohydrates- how carbohydrates are used by living organisms

14. +1 building block of carbs are sugars • +1/2 identify photosynthesis as process that produces carbs • +1/2 identify that sunlight is trapped by chloroplasts to get initial energy • +1/2 oxygen and glucose (sugar) are the waste products • +1/2 living organisms use cellular respiration to create energy • +1/2 oxygen and glucose are broken down to create ATP • +1/2 ATP used as energy

15. 3. Enzymes

16. Reactants  ProductsReaction

17. Enzymes: • A molecule that increases the speed of a biochemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start a reaction

18. Substrate Active Site Enzyme

21. What molecules control the reaction rate of photosynthesis? • Sugars • Enzymes • Fatty acids • Nucleic acids

22. Which of these most affected in the cells of goldfish when the water temperature is lowered? • enzyme activity • pH level • DNA base sequence • Salt concentration

23. The table below lists the enzymes that function in different locations in the human body, and the normal pH and temperature ranges of these locations: • Use your understanding of the structure and function of enzymes to:- Predict how the activity of pepsin will change after it moves from the stomach to the small intestine- Explain your prediction using data from t he tableDescribe how change sin pH and temperature affect enzyme activityPredict how a fever of 40 degrees Celsius would affect enzyme activity

24. +1/2 pepsin activity will decrease as it moves from the stomach to the small intestine • +1/2 this is due to an increase in pH • +1/2 data used from table • +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain pH • +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain temperature • +1/2 extremes denature enzymes by distorting active site • +1/2 identify that 40 degrees is above temperature range of all listed enzymes • +1/2 all activity will slow due to temperature increase

25. 4. Cells

27. Plant Cell: Cell Wall Chloroplasts Vacuole Animal Cell: Lysosome No Cell Wall Eukaryotic

28. Researchers have discovered a toxin that stops cells from releasing stored energy. Cells exposed to this toxin cannot carry out many of their normal processes:Which of these cell organelles are most directly affected by this toxin? a. ribosomes b. chloroplasts c. mitochondria d. vacuoles

29. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the air occurs in the lungs. This exchange of gases takes place at the cellular level. What part of the cell is primarily responsible for this exchange? • the cell membrane • the nucleus • the cell wall • the ribosome

30. Which of these organelles in animal cells provide energy for cell activities? • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts • Ribosomes • nuclei

31. Cyanide is a poison that prevents mitochondria from using oxygen. As a result, the mitochondria cannot produce • Lipids • Sugar • Minerals • energy

32. Maryland white oak trees make their own food. Their cells contain structures that capture energy from the sun. What are these structures? a. chloroplasts b. nuclei c. mitochondria d. ribosomes

33. In Eukaryotes, which of these organelles are used to make sugars? • Flagella • Ribosomes • Mitochondria • chloroplasts

34. Which structure in a cell is used to release energy in the cell? a. nucleus b. cell wall c. chrloroplasts d. mitochondrion

35. 5. Cell Transport

36. Ion Pump: A protein in the cell membrane that pumps ions against the gradient Exocytosis: large particles leave the cell by means of a vesicle Active Transport • - Requires energy • - Typically goes against concentration gradient Passive Transport Endocytosis: large particles enter cell by means of a vesicle Transport particles & nutrients into and out of the cell Diffusion: Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration - Works with the concentration gradient - Does not require energy Osmosis: Movement of water across the cell membrane

37. Which of these is the process by which water moves across a selectively permeable membrane? • Osmosis • Transpiration • capillary action • active transport

38. If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what will the solutions in the beaker and the sac look like after two hours? • The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the starch solution will not change • The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change. • Neither solution will turn blue-black • Both solution will turn blue-black

39. Which of these processes is demonstrated by the experiment shown in the diagram? a. cellular respiration b. active transport c. endocytosis d. diffusion

40. In an experiment, a group of students placed ten raisins in a container with 100 milliliters of water. They covered the container and let the raisins sit overnight. The students removed the raisins from the container and observed that they were larger. They also observed that the volume of water in the container had decreased. What happened to the raisins to cause the raisins to become larger? In your response be sure to: • name the process that caused the raisins to become larger • describe how this process caused the raisins to become larger • explain the role of this process in living systems

41. +1 identified osmosis as the process • +1 defined the term osmosis • +1/2 described there was a concentration difference inside and outside the membrane • +1/2 mentions and explains passive transport • +1 describes how water cross through cell membranes in order to maintain cell processes

42. How do living systems control the movement of materials into and out of cells? In your response be sure to: • identify the cell structures and body systems involved • describe the functions of the cell structures and body systems involved • identify and describe the processes responsible for the movement of materials into and out of the cells

43. +1/2 identifies and describes active transport • +1/2 identifies and describes passive transport • +1/2 identifies the cell membrane as a semi-permeable membrane that controls the flow of substances into and out of cell • +1/2 identifies proteins on the cell membrane as a means of active transport • +1 identifies osmosis and diffusion as passive transport and describe each • +1 identifies ion pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis as active transport and describe each

44. 6. Body Systems

46. Which body system produces chemicals that act at different sites in the body: • the circulatory system • the endocrine system • the excretory system • the skeletal system

47. In the human body, which of these systems transports sugars to the cells where they are used: • Excretory • Respiratory • Circulatory • digestive

48. Which of these is not a direct function of the skeletal system a. blood circulation b. muscle attachment c. support of the body d. protection of the organs

49. What is the primary role of the endocrine system: • to produce chemicals that affect other parts of the body • to remove waste products from the blood • to defend the body against illness and infection • to coordinate movement of the body

50. Which system in the frog produces chemicals that regulate functions in different parts of its body • respiratory system • excretory system • endocrine system • circulatory system