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Definitions

Definitions. Solution - homogeneous mixture. Solute - substance being dissolved. Solvent - present in greater amount. Solutions. What the solute and the solvent are determines whether a substance will dissolve. how much will dissolve.

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Definitions

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  1. Definitions • Solution - homogeneous mixture Solute - substance being dissolved Solvent - present in greater amount

  2. Solutions • What the solute and the solvent are determines • whether a substance will dissolve. • how much will dissolve. • A substance dissolves faster if it is stirred or • shaken. • The particles are made smaller. • The temperature is increased. • Why?

  3. Dental filling Solution = Solute + Solvent • Solute - gets dissolved • Solvent - does the dissolving • Aqueous(water) • Tincture(alcohol) • Amalgam(mercury) • Organic • Polar • Non-polar Nightmare on White Street Chem Matters, December 1996

  4. water salt Solution Definitions solution: a homogeneous mixture -- evenly mixed at the particle level -- e.g., salt water alloy: a solid solution of metals -- e.g., bronze = Cu + Sn; brass = Cu + Zn solvent: the substance that dissolves the solute soluble: “will dissolve in” miscible: refers to two gases or two liquids that form a solution; more specific than “soluble” -- e.g., food coloring and water

  5. Types of Solutions Charles H.Corwin, Introductory Chemistry 2005, page 369

  6. Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution As To , rate 1. temperature As size , rate 2. particle size More mixing, rate 3. mixing 4. nature of solvent or solute

  7. Classes of Solutions aqueous solution: solvent = water water = “the universal solvent” amalgam: solvent = Hg e.g., dental amalgam tincture: solvent = alcohol e.g., tincture of iodine (for cuts) organic solution: solvent contains carbon e.g., gasoline, benzene, toluene, hexane

  8. Non-Solution Definitions insoluble: “will NOT dissolve in” e.g., sand and water immiscible: refers to two gases or two liquids that will NOT form a solution e.g., water and oil suspension: appears uniform while being stirred, but settles over time

  9. AFTER Water COLD Water HOT A B Solubility Experiment 1: Add 1 drop of red food coloring Before Miscible – “mixable” two gases or two liquids that mix evenly Water HOT Water COLD A B

  10. Solubility Experiment 2: Add oil to water and shake AFTER Before Immiscible – “does not mix” two liquids or two gases that DO NOT MIX Oil Water Water T0 sec T30 sec

  11. Muddy Water: Dissolved Solids Experiment 3: Add soil to water, shake well, and allow to settle AFTER Before Dissolved solids can be calculated as a percentage: v/v (volume/volume) w/v (weight/volume) w/w (weight/weight) Muddy Water Water 5% v/v soil in water 5 mL solid / 95 mL water T1 min T5 min 5 mL / 100 mL = 5%

  12. Muddy Water: Flocculation Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Ca(OH)2 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 CaSO4 Experiment 4: Add soil to water, shake well, and allow to settle AFTER AFTER Before Before Muddy Water Muddy Water Water Water T1 min T5 min T1 min T15 min NO Flocculation material WITH Flocculation material

  13. Serum RBC’s Centrifugation • Spin sample very rapidly: denser materials go to bottom (outside) • Separate blood into serum and plasma • Serum (clear) • Plasma (contains red blood cells ‘RBCs’) • Check for anemia (lack of iron) AFTER Before Blood B C A

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