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INTRODUCTION TO PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS

INTRODUCTION TO PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS. Genetics. The study of heredity The study of inherited phenotypes The study of how differences between individuals are transmitted from one generation to the next

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INTRODUCTION TO PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS

  2. Genetics • The study of heredity • The study of inherited phenotypes • The study of how differences between individuals are transmitted from one generation to the next • The study of how information in the genes is used in the development and functioning of the organism

  3. Biochemistry Genetics Gene products are studied in vivo through the genes that encode them Gene products are purified and studied in vitro Genetic analysis tells you that the product has a role in the process Biochemistry tells you what a protein can do in vitro Genetics is the study of inheritance, it doesn’t tell you how direct the role is Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living organisms and/or cells, it doesn’t tell you whether it really does it in vivo

  4. Three Major Areas of Genetics

  5. Major Subdisciplines of Genetics • Transmission Genetics: focuses on the transmission of genes and chromosomes in individuals from generation to generation. • Molecular Genetics: focuses on the structure and function of genes at the molecular level. • Evolutionary genetics: focus on the study of genetic basis of changes in organism over time • Population Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by one or only a few genes. • Quantitative Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by many genes simultaneously.

  6. Molecular Genetics ? • Study of the expression, regulation and inheritance of genes at the level of DNA and its transcription products • Understanding the molecular basis of biological processes through studies on the gene • Study of gene structure, function and regulation – below the organism level • Study of genes and how they are expressed • Molecular Basis of Genetics Molecular Biology? Study of molecules in cells

  7. Molecular Genetics:A Short History

  8. Molecular Genetics:A Short History

  9. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?

  10. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?

  11. Genes, regulatory sequences Others? The Molecular Basis of Genetics ? Genome RNA Polypeptides

  12. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ? • Genome • Chromosome • Gene • DNA/RNA • Nucleic Acid • Protein • Amino Acid

  13. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ? • Genome Total genetic information carried by a single set of chromosome in a haploid nucleus • Chromosome A DNA – histone protein thread, usually associated with RNA, occurring in the nucleus of a cell Chromosomes contain hundreds of genes encoded within their DNA. • Gene • segment of a chromosome that contains the heredity traits of an organism • DNA Double stranded form of genetic material of organisms

  14. The Molecular Basis of Genetics ? • RNA • Single stranded form of genetic material of organisms result of the DNA • transcription • Nucleotide Unit structure of nucleic acid • Protein a polymer that has a high relative molecular mass of amino acids • Polypeptide a linear polymer that consists of ten or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds • Amino Acid An organic compound containing an acidic carboxyl group and a basic amino group

  15. INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR GENETICS • Genome • Genetic Material (DNA & RNA) • DNA structure • Chemistry of DNA • Gene expression (transcription and translation) • Control of gene expression • Molecular tool • DNA cloning

  16. Grading system Grade : 0 – 100 • A > 80 • B – D → 45 – 80 (Normal distribution) • E < 45 Grade composition

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