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Acids and Bases

This guide explores the fundamental concepts of acids and bases, including their definitions, properties, and behaviors. Acids are substances that taste sour, turn litmus red, and react with metals to release hydrogen gas. Bases, on the other hand, taste bitter, feel slippery, and turn litmus blue. The guide discusses strong and weak acids and bases, electrolytes, and their ionization in aqueous solutions. Learn the critical definitions established by Svante Arrhenius that still apply today, highlighting the importance of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in chemical reactions.

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Acids and Bases

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  1. Acids and Bases

  2. Acids • Acid comes from the Latin word Acidus meaning sour. • Most common components of acid is a donatable proton or hydrogen ion (H+).

  3. Properties of Acids • Tastes sour. • Causes litmus to change from blue to red. • Reacts with active metals like Mg, Zn, and Fe to produce hydrogen gas. • Reacts with bases to produce water and a salt. • Acids are electrolytes.

  4. Properties of Bases • Bitter Taste • Slippery feel • Turn litmus paper blue • Turns pink with phenolthalein • Reacts with acid to form salt and water • Electrolytes

  5. Strong acid or base- An electrolyte that ionizes 100% in aqueous solution. Weak acid or base- Exists in solution as hydronium or hydroxide ions, anions, and dissolved acid or base molecules.

  6. Strong Electrolytes • All Soluble Salts • HCl, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4, HBr, HI • NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

  7. In 1884 a Swedish chemist, Svante Arrhenius, proposed the first definition of an acid that we still use today. An acid is a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions. HCl → H+ + Cl-

  8. Arrhenius Base • Substance that contains hydroxide ions and dissociates to give hydroxide ions in solution. • NaOH → Na++ OH- • Alkaline- Solution that contains hydroxide ions from a soluble base.

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