The High (Late) Middle Ages

1. Royal Power Notes The High (Late) Middle Ages

2. Objectives • The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by • Describing the emergence of nation-states and distinctive political developments in each • Identify patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death • Questions • How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? • How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe?

3. William the Conqueror (England)  1066 • Had Domesday Book compiled  1086 census, listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England (tax collecting system) • Called that because no one could escape • Helped William plan taxes • Created a royal exchequer, or treasury • Battle of Hastings  William the Conqueror defeated Harold and assumed the crown of England • Led the Norman conquest • United England • Exerted firm control over his lands • Granted fiefs to the church and his Norman lords • Monitored the building of castles • Required every vassal to swear first allegiance to him

4. William of Normandy

5. Henry II (England)  1154 • Broadened system of royal justice • Reigned from 1154- 1189 A.D. • Energetic and well-educated • Increased criminal cases heard by King • Common Law  decisions of royal courts, law that was the same for all people • Jury System  a group of men sworn to speak the truth, determined which cases should be brought to trial • Established early jury system, group of men sworn to speak the truth • Tried to limit role of church • Had Thomas a Becket beheaded • Was archbishop of Canterbury • Henry had to back down from challenging the church • Married Eleanor of Aquitaine • Dowry included French lands

6. Henry II

7. Thomas A Becket

8. John (England)  1200 • Henry’s son King John was clever, but greedy and cruel • Lost war against Philip II • Lost land in France and battled with Pope over Canterbury • gave up English lands in Anjou and Normandy • Nobles resented growing power of the King • Rebellion occurred • Signed Magna Carta (1215) • Nobles had certain rights  overtime these rights were extended to all English citizens • The monarch must obey the law • Basis of the right known as “due process of law” • King Edward I, representative government was developed • Called the English Parliament • Granted taxes and passed laws • Usually made of two knights from every county

9. The French Kingdom • 843 A.D. Carolingian Empire was divided into three sections • Frankish lands, were mainly France • 987 A.D. the last Carolingian king died • Kings afterwards had little power • Dukes were more powerful • Royal domain only included Paris, called Ile-de-France • Hugh Capet 987 C.E. • Count of Paris who increased royal power and built an effective bureaucracy • Government officials collected taxes • Imposed royal law • Backed middle class townspeople • Made the throne hereditary and won the support of the Church • Added to French royal lands

10. The French Kingdom • King Phillip Augustus (Phillip II) • Reigned from 1180- 1223 • Turning point for French monarchy • Waged war against England • Reclaimed much of Normandy as well as parts of Anjou • Expanded territory and wealth, as well as power • By 1300 France was largest and best governed state in Europe • Paid middle-classmen to government positions instead of appointing nobility • Granted charters for new towns, organized a standing army and created a national tax • By 1233 Philip was the most powerful ruler in Europe

11. Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)  1492 • 1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon • Created a unified state • Combined forces to finally expel the Muslims • 1492 completed the Reconquista with the capture of Granada • Isabella ended Muslim policy of religious toleration • Supports the Inquisition • Court to accuse people of heresy • Jews and Muslims attacked and burned at the stake • Isabella expelled Jews in 1492 and Muslims that didn’t convert by 1502 • The Spanish Empire expanded under Charles V

12. Ivan III (Russia)  1462-1505 • Until 1480 Mongols dominated the Rus • Ivan refused to pay tribute to Mongols • Wanted to create a seat of Christian power • Overthrew Mongols • Created centralized government • Increased Russia's landholdings • Established absolute rule in Russia (Czar)

13. Global Epidemic – The Black Death • Black Death – Bubonic Plague • Disease spread by fleas on rats • Spread from Asia to Europe (trade routes) • Fleas jumped from rats to infest the clothes and packs of traders traveling west • Took four years to reach all parts of Europe

14. Terrible Death • Unsanitary conditions in towns and homes guaranteed the disease would spread • Symptoms – swelling, black bruises, heavy sweats, & convulsive coughing • People spat blood and stank terribly (rotting flesh)

15. Effects of the Plague • Economic • Town populations fell • Trade declined • Workers were scare • Farmland abandoned • Serfs unpaid • Manorial system crumbled • Peasant revolts against nobility in England, France, Italy, and Belgium • Social • Pessimistic outlooks • Some people turned to magic and witchcraft for cures • Massive migration • Religious • Church lost prestige • Clergy took advantage of performing funerals • Christians blamed the Jews for the plague • Some saw the plague as God’s punishment – beat themselves with whips to show repentance for their sins

17. The Hundred Years’ War The High (Late) Middle Ages

18. Causes • Edward III (English King) claimed the French throne in 1337 • The became known as the “Hundred Years War” because it was fought on and off from 1337- 1453 C.E. • Fought mainly on French soil

19. Events of the War • At first, England won a string of victories • they owed their success to the longbow • discharged three arrows at a time and its arrows pierced all but the heaviest armor • 1st victory at the Battle of Crecy August 26, 1346 C.E. • English archers and footsoldiers destroyed the arrogant French knights • Poitiers • English Victory in 1347 C.E. • Again English longbows prevailed • The French King and his son were captured and held for ransom • Agincourt • 1415 C.E. English Victory • 6000 English versus 20- 30,000 French • Success of longbow key

20. Joan of Arc • It looked like England would win the war • French and English had signed a treaty allowing Henry V to inherit French crown • In 1429 C.E. Joan of Arc convinced the French King to let her lead his army against the English • Battle of Orleans • Unified French troops/ nation

21. More Events of the War • The English captured Joan of Arc, tried her for witchcraft, and burned her at the stake • French viewed Joan as a martyr (strengthened their cause) • French went on the offensive after Joan’s death – used the cannon (new weapon) to attack the English

22. Results • France – created a growing sense of nationalism in France and allowed French Kings to expand their power • England – forced the English Kings to rely heavily on Parliament to fund the war (England lost its French lands – what remained) • “Power of the purse” • End of the Middle Ages

23. Objectives • The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by • Describing the emergence of nation-states and distinctive political developments in each • Identify patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death • Questions • How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? • How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe?