Plant Anatomy and Physiology

1. Plant Anatomy and Physiology Just the Concepts

2. Plant Classification

3. Explain systems used to classify plants; • Compare and contrast the hierarchical classification of agricultural plants; and • Classify plants according to life cycles, plant use, and status as monocot or dicot. Objectives

4. What are some ways that we could classify plants? Classification Systems

5. Taxonomy: the science of classification • To classify into ordered categories Classification Systems

6. Why Classify? • Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Swedish botanist / physician that collected plants for their curative properties needed to organize his collection. • Contributed to the development of our modern system of taxonomy. • Developed binomial nomenclature, a two-word naming system still used today. Carl Classification Systems

7. Botanical Classification • D K P C O F G S • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Classification Systems

8. Classification Systems

9. Mode of Reproduction • Sexual • Develop from a seed or spore after the union of male and female gametes • Gametes: Sex cells • Asexual • Reproduce by vegetative means without sexual gametes Classification Systems

10. Mode of Pollination • Naturally self-pollinated • Pollen and embryo sac are produced in the same floral structure or different flowers on the same plant • Naturally cross-pollinated • Pollen transferred from one flower to another flower of a different plant • Both self- and cross-pollinated • Largely self-pollinated, but a some cross-pollination will occur Classification Systems

11. Life Cycle • Annual • Plants germinate, grow, flower, produce seed, and die all in one season • Biennial • Requires two growing seasons to complete its life cycle • The first accumulating food reserves; the second producing reproductive parts • Perennial • Plant that lives indefinitely; produces seeds year after year Classification Systems

12. Growth Habit • Herbs • Succulent plants with self-supporting stems • Vines • Herbaceous climbing, or twining plants without self-supporting stems • Lianas • Woody climbing or twining plants that require other plants for vertical support • Shrubs • Small tree-like plants generally less than 15 feet tall; produce several trunks from the base • Trees • Plants with continuous growth and a large development of woody tissue; single, distinct stem; more than 15 feet tall Classification Systems

13. Leaf Retention • Evergreen • Maintain their leaves throughout the year • Deciduous • Naturally shed their leaves annually for extended periods Classification Systems

14. Ecological Adaptation or Habitat • Epiphyte • Grow above ground on another plant for vertical support; not a parasite • Halophyte • Can grow in high salt conditions • Hydrophyte (Aquatic) • Grow in water or in waterlogged soil • Lithophyte • Grow in rocks or rocky terrain • Mesophyte • Adapted to growing in moderate conditions (most of the plants that we know) • Parasite • Grows on another plant and takes its nourishment from that plant • Saprophyte • Grow in decaying matter and have no green tissue • Sciophyte • Adapted to low light conditions • Terrestrial • Grows on land with roots under ground absorbing water and a shoot above ground (most of the plants that we know • Xerophyte • Adapted to grow in areas with little or no water Classification Systems

15. Flowering vs. Non-Flowering • Flowering plants produce seeds • Seed Parts (Cotyledons) • Monocot • Dicot Classification Systems

16. Monocot • Embryo with one Cotyledon • Pollen with one furrow or pore • Flower parts in multiples of three • Major leaf veins are parallel • Vascular bundles are scattered in the stem • Roots are adventitious • Dicot • Embryo with two cotyledons • Pollen with three furrows or pores • Flower parts in multiples of four or five • Major leaf veins are netted • Vascular bindles are a ring in the stem • Roots develop from a radicle Classification Systems

17. Crops vs. Weeds • Crop • A useful plant grown for a specific purpose • Used by humans directly or indirectly, raw or processed • Intentionally grown and managed • Weed • Any plant growing where it is not wanted • Competes with the intended plant for space, light, nutrients, and water Agricultural Classification

18. Agronomic Crops vs. Horticultural Crops • Agronomic (Field Crops) • Mostly annual, herbaceous plants grown under extensive or large-scale culture • Usually dried and processed prior to use • Horticulture crops • Annual and perennial plants grown under intensive culture • Intensive: large input of capitol, labor, and technology per acre • High moisture content, spoil quickly • Used for food, medicine, beauty Agricultural Classification

19. Could some plants be classified in several groups? • Which ones? Agricultural Classification

20. We have got to have some order • We base most classifications on Primary Use rather than on the other minor uses Agricultural Classification

21. Spice Crops Dye & Tannin Crops Root & Tuber Crops Beverage Crops Food Crops Staple Crops Biofuel Crops Olericulture Crops Legume Seed Crops Rubber Crops Non-Food Crops Ornamental Crops Sugar Crops Grain Crops Plantation Crops Oil Seed Crops Fiber Crops Latex & Gum Crops Pasture & Forage Crops Agricultural Classification Industrial Crops Essential Oil Crops Biocidal Crops