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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. WHAT PARTS DO YOU KNOW THAT ARE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?. Brain. Spinal Cord. Peripheral Nerves. Nervous System. A system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made of:. The brain. The spinal cord. The nerves. The senses.

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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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  1. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  2. WHAT PARTS DO YOU KNOW THAT ARE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? • Brain • Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nerves

  3. Nervous System A system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made of: The brain The spinal cord The nerves The senses

  4. The nervous system also allows you to react to a stimulus. Stimulus A stimulus is a change in the environment. Example: A hot stove Or… tripping over a rock

  5. Your reactions are automatic. Automatic Automatic means that you do not have to think about your reactions. Example: If a bug flies by your eye, you will blink.

  6. Automatic Nervous System * The outer nervous system controls the body’s activities that you don’t think about. * The outer nervous system controls activities in your small intestine, your breathing, and your heartbeat. controls

  7. Brain An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make.

  8. The Brain * The brain controls everything in the body. * The brain is made of more than 10 billion nerves! * The brain is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull.

  9. The Three Parts of the Brain * The Brain has three main parts… 1. The Cerebrum 2. The Cerebellum 3. The Brain Stem

  10. The Cerebrum * The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. 1. The cerebrum controls your thinking. 2. The cerebrum controls your memory. 3. The cerebrum controls your speaking. 4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs.

  11. The Cerebellum * The cerebellum is below and to the back of the cerebrum. 1. The cerebellum controls you balance. 2. The cerebellum controls your posture.

  12. The Brain Stem * The Brain Stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. * The nerves in the brain stem control your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

  13. The Spinal Cord * The spinal cord sends messages to the brain. * The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system.

  14. Central Nervous System The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.

  15. Outer Nervous System The Outer Nervous System is made of the nerves and the sense organs. Nerves Sense organs

  16. Outer Nervous System * The outer nervous system carries messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. * The Outer Nervous System’s job is to connect the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body.

  17. Outer Nervous System * The outer nervous system is made of the nerves and the sense organs. Nerves Eye Skin Ear Tongue

  18. Nerve Impulse Messages carried throughout the body by nerves.

  19. Reflex * An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it. * A reflex happens quickly in less than a second.

  20. Sense Organs Sense organs carry messages about the environment to the central nervous system.

  21. Sense Organs The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin are examples of sense organs. The sense organs gather information (light, sound, heat, and pressure) from the environment.

  22. What makes up the brain, the spinal cord or your peripheral nerves? • Neurons are “the cell” • Cell body • Nucleus • Axon • Dendrite • What do you think surrounds the cell? • What other organelles would be needed?

  23. How are neurons connected? • Synapses!!

  24. Why are neurons connected?

  25. More neuron connections!

  26. Close up look at your synapse AXON What is this in the membrane? The synapse - where the action happens Transport protein The next cell’s plasma membrane

  27. How does the Synapse carry the signal? 1. Electrical current travels down the axon 2. Vesicles with chemicals move toward the membrane - what is that called? 3. Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the next cell’s plasma membrane 4. The chemicals open up the transport proteins and allow the signal to pass to the next cell - what type of diffusion is this?

  28. The synapse carries a signal from cell to cell 1 3 4 2

  29. There are lots of proteins and chemicals in your body to do the work Why is it important that it is an electrical current?

  30. Are all neurons equal in size? • Brain vs spinal cord vs peripheral nerves? About how many neurons are in the human brain? 100 billion About how many neurons are in the spinal cord? 1 billion How long do you think the longest axon in the world is? around 15 feet

  31. How many synapses are in one neuron? 1,000 to 10,000!!

  32. This science is called Neurobiology • Looking at the actual cells - how do they work? • Looking at the connections - how and when do they work? • Looking at what can change normal cells and connections • Looking at diseases that occur in the brain • One of the largest areas still unknown • The you that is you is because of your neurons connecting!

  33. What do you think can change neurons and their connections? • Accidents • Drugs • Alcohol • Disease

  34. Accidents • Physical injury of your neurons

  35. Drugs = neuron death

  36. Parkinson's Disease • ALS - Lou Gehrig’s Disease • Huntington’s Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • Alzheimer's • Cerebral Palsy • Epilepsy • ? SIDS

  37. 100 Billion or so neurons - what’s the problem with some of them dying? • Cells multiply all the time - will your neurons? • Does everyone react the same way to accidents, or drugs and alcohol? • Do all organisms react the same to all stimulus? • Which of your activities use your neurons?

  38. What if neurons die here? or here or here or here or here

  39. Neurobiology Activities and Labs • What Does Your "Homunculus" Look Like? (www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1991/homunculus.html) • Effect of Environment on Memory (http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/AEF/1996/brown_memory.html) • Taste Activity (http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/flash/fun_n_games/activities/experiments/experiment_truly_tasteless.html) • A healthy brain? - Caffeine activity (http://www.pfizer.com/brain/teachers_html.html) • Pillbug behavior Lab - (http://www.udel.edu/msmith/pillbugs.html)

  40. REFERENCES • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html • http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell6e_awl/chapter0/deluxe.html • JOSHSANESPPT.PPT • www.alfamilyties.org/presentations/The%20Neurobiology%20of%20Adolescent%20Substance%20Abuse%20II.ppt • http://www.nsbri.org/Education/High_Act.html • http://www.pfizer.com/brain/teachers_html.html • http://www.research.buffalo.edu/quarterly/vol10/num01/n1.shtml • http://www.aim-digest.com/gateway/pages/brain/articles/myths.htm • http://www.nida.nih.gov/pubs/teaching/Teaching5/Teaching3.html • http://www.accessexcellence.com/AE/ • http://psych.colorado.edu/~kenth/Image14.gif

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