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Overview of Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

This comprehensive guide explores the intricate processes of cellular respiration, focusing on glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. It details the conversion of glucose (C6H12O6) into ATP, highlighting the roles of key molecules such as NAD+, NADH, ADP, and ATP, alongside the generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The significance of electron carriers, including FADH and coenzyme A, is discussed in the context of energy production. Understanding these biochemical pathways is essential for grasping how cells generate the energy necessary for life functions.

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Overview of Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

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  1. Cellular Respiration NAD+ NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+ pyruvate to acetyl-CoA NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH COO-  C=O  CH3 CO2 NADH FAD CO2 ~Coenzyme A GDP GTP C=O  CH3 O=C  CH3 ADP ATP NAD+ NAD+

  2. Cellular Respiration COO-  C=O  H─C─H  COO- Oxaloacetate C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ acetyl group to citrate NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  H─C─H  HO─C─COO-  H─C─H  COO- ~Coenzyme A O=C  CH3 ADP ATP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH

  3. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ citrate to isocitrate NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  H─C─H  HO─C─COO-  H─C─H  COO- COO-  HO─C─H  H─C─COO-  H─C─H  COO- ADP ATP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH

  4. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ isocitrate to ketoglutarate NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  C=O  H─C─H  H─C─H  COO- COO-  HO─C─H  H─C─COO-  H─C─H  COO- ADP ATP NADH CO2 NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH

  5. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  H─C─H  HO─C─COO-  C ~ S-CoA ║ O COO-  C=O  H─C─H  H─C─H  COO- ADP ATP NADH CO2 NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH

  6. Cellular Respiration P C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ succinyl CoA to succinate NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  H─C─H  HO─C─COO-  C ~ S-CoA ║ O COO-  H─C─H  H─C─H  COO- ADP ATP GTP NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH GDP

  7. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ phosphorylation of ADP by GTP NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  H─C─H  H─C─H  COO- ADP ATP GTP ATP NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ ADP NADH GDP

  8. Cellular Respiration FADH2 FAD C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ succinate to fumerate NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  H─C ║ C─H  COO- COO-  H─C─H  H─C─H  COO- FADH2 ADP ATP NAD+ NADH ATP NAD+ NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ FAD ADP NADH

  9. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ fumerate to malate NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  H─C ║ C─H  COO- COO-  H─C─OH  H─C─H  COO- ADP ATP FADH2 NAD+ NADH NAD+ ATP NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ FAD ADP NADH FAD

  10. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis ADP ATP ADP ATP CO2 glucose P pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA CoA ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH NADH NAD+ Kreb’s Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ malate to oxaloacetate NADH CO2 NAD+ NADH FADH FAD CO2 GDP GTP COO-  C=O  H─C─H  COO- COO-  H─C─OH  H─C─H  COO- NADH ADP ATP FADH2 Oxaloacetate NAD+ NADH ATP NAD+ NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH NAD+ ADP NADH FAD

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