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B.A I YEAR , HISTORY B PAPER

B.A I YEAR , HISTORY B PAPER. The Mughal emperors (first six rulers). BABUR (1526-30) HUMAYUN (1530-56) AKBAR (1556-1605) JAHANGIR (1605-28) SHAHJAHAN (1628-58) AURANGZEB (1658-1707 ). Islam in India 1206-1290. Delhi Sultanate founded by Turkic Mamluks employed by rulers of Afghanistan

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B.A I YEAR , HISTORY B PAPER

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  1. B.A I YEAR , HISTORY B PAPER

  2. The Mughal emperors (first six rulers). • BABUR (1526-30) • HUMAYUN (1530-56) • AKBAR (1556-1605) • JAHANGIR (1605-28) • SHAHJAHAN (1628-58) • AURANGZEB (1658-1707)

  3. Islam in India1206-1290 • Delhi Sultanate founded by Turkic Mamluks employed by rulers of Afghanistan • Early rulers had to defend north from attempted Mongol invasions • Power derived from military highways, trade routes and the ability to control military and provincial governers • Introduced copper & silver coins • Destroyed some Hindi temples to build Mosques • Many refugees arrived from Persia after the Mongol invasions bringing many skills.

  4. Sultanate Mosques • Mosque built in the early Sultanate • Incorporated Islamic design into India and developed new features by adapting Indian features into its design. • The minaret on the left is the tallest structure in medieval India

  5. Sultanate Expansion – 14th C • Mongols try to invade 6 different times. • In the early 14th century the Sultan travels from the north after repelling the Mongols to the south to expand his kingdom. • This conquest only lasts a very short time.

  6. 14th Century Sultanate • Taxes are not standardized between rulers and widely fluctuate causing hardship • Peasants pay 1/3 -1/2 of produce in taxes plus other types of taxes • Rebellions in the countryside • Sultans build canals and irrigation works to expand agriculture- didn’t help much • Ibn Battuta visits in the first half of the century. He is sent by the Sultan as a representative to China

  7. 14th Century SultanateCulture • Sufi practice spreads in N. India – love & devotion to realize God • Bakti movement spreads also – fundamental unity of all religions • Persian language is used by elite Muslims in India • Elite culture spurs greater trade although many farmers are hurt by tax policies • Urbanization spreads • Exports flourished • Cotton & silk textiles • Paper industry • Leather making • Metal crafts • Carpet weaving Sultanate coinage in the 14th century

  8. Sultantate in the 15th Century • Timur invades in 1398 • Dehli Sultanate loses territory throughout the 1400’s • Increasing rebellions led by the nobles • Last ruler defeated in 1526 by invading Mughals.

  9. Sultanate Legacy • Protected India from being ravaged by the Mongols • Maintained social separateness from Hindus • Introduced new art and architectural styles into India • Facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean due to elite culture demands • Ultimately failed due to constant rebellions of Muslim nobles and Hindu peasants

  10. Delhi Sultanate Islam in India 1206-1526

  11. Introduction • Under the Mughals, India was the heart of a great Islamic empire and a prolific center of Islamic culture and learning. • Dynasty was the greatest, richest and longest lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India. • Mongol Descendents • The Great Mughal Emperors were: • Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals • Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader • Akbar (1556-1605) The Great • Jehangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability • Shah Jehan (1627-1658) The Master Builder • Aurangzeb (1658-1707) The Intolerant

  12. Babur 1526 - 1530The First of the Mughals • Babur was a direct descendant of the Turkish Ghengis Khan and Timur from Tamerlane. • Defeated the Delhi Sultanate & established the Mughal Empire. • Gunpowder, a skilled commander, trained soldiers on horses contributed to the victory • Gained control of the whole northern India • Made Agra capital • He reigned for 4 short years and died at age 47 in 1530. • Did not enact new laws or organization in the empire due to early his death

  13. Humayun 1530 - 1556The Luckless Leader • After Babur died, he was succeeded by his son Humayun in 1530. Humayun was 23 years old. • He was not a soldier and unlike his father, neither skilled nor a wise leader. • Inherited a disunited and disorganized empire. • In 1540, Sher Shah of Bengal defeated Humayun and took over the Mughal Empire. The Empire was lost from 1540-1545. • He was exiled but later regained power in 1555. • Humayun died in 1556 after falling down the steps of his library; he is known as “the luckless one”.

  14. Akbar 1556 - 1605The Great • Akbar become the new Mughal ruler at the age of 14. • Regent and his mother ruled in his name for 4 years • Akbar was an ambitious and noble commander • Built the largest army ever in the empire. • Helped to conquer nearly all of modern-day northern India and Pakistan. • Great administrator • developed a centralized government • It delegated 15 provinces each under a governor and each province into districts and each district was further sub-divided into smaller sections. • Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially Hindus) • Removed poll taxes on Hindus • Invited religious scholars to debate him in his private chambers. • Developed his own faith call Din Ilahi. • Din Ilahi was a mixture of the other religions Akbar had studied from those debates. • Religion never caught on

  15. Jehangir Issues (specific) • Under the influence of his wife and many others, Jehangir was not an able ruler like his father. • He loved to drink and enjoy himself. • He had to suppress many rebellions. • Important posts in the court were given to families, friends, and especially those close to his wife, Jahan.

  16. Shah Jehan 1627 - 1658The Master Builder • Shah Jehan succeeded his father in 1627. • Better ruler than Jehangir. • Restored the efficiency of government. • Recovered territories. • Maintained peace • Foreign traders were allowed into India and trade increased considerably. • The empire was expanded. • Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts • Built many great architecture buildings including the Taj Mahal and the Peacock Throne, a brilliant gold throne encased in hundreds of precious gems.

  17. Shah Jehan • Taj Mahal • Built in honor of his wife who died during childbirth. • Took over a decade to build and it nearly bankrupted the empire. • 1657 - Shah Jehan became seriously ill and a dispute over the succession of the throne ensued between his three sons. • Aurangzeb deposed Shah Jehan in a coup d’etat in 1658. Shah Jehan was imprisoned in the Octagonal Tower of the Agra Fort from which he could see the Taj Mahal. He died in 1666 and was buried next to his wife in the Taj Mahal.

  18. Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707The Intolerant • Aurangzeb ascended the throne after disposing his father and beating out his two brothers. • Despot • severely persecuted Hindus of Northern India. • Empire declines under his reign • He removed the tax-free status for Hindus • Destroyed their temples • Crushed semi-autonomous Hindu states • Primary Interest - Promote Islam vs tolerance

  19. Aurangzeb’s Architectural Legacy Taj Mahal, Agra 1631-1652 Shah Jehan Bibi ka Maqbara, Aurangbab 1678 Aurangzeb • Built nearly 50 years apart, the Taj Mahal and the Bibi la Maqbara are very similar in architectural style. Aurangzeb’s other architectural legacy included: • Moti Masjid (Delhi Fort), Delhi (1659) • Buri-I-Shamali (Delhi Fort), Delhi • Badshahi Mosque, Lahore (1674)

  20. The Success of the Mughals • It is agreed among many scholars that the Mughal empire was the greatest, richest and most long-lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India. This period of Mughal rule produced the finest and most elegant art and architecture in the history of Muslim dynasties. • The Mughal emperors, with few exceptions, were among the world’s most aesthetically minded rules. Although Turkish and Persian in background, the Mughals were not Muslim rulers of India but Indian rulers who happened to be Muslims. This idea is most evident in Akbar’s obsession of a utopian India for Hindus and Muslims. • The longevity of the Mughal empire can be contributed to a number of factors. The Mughal emperors were ambitious and for the most part able rulers. But Akbar is perhaps the Mughal emperor responsible for much of the prosperity and harmony achieved during the Mughal Empire.

  21. Akbar the Great, as he is referred, perceived that 3 things were needed if his Empire was to be stable and long-lasting. • 1. Fair rent must be fixed for the peasant and a steady revenue for the treasury, • 2. The land must be ruled by men who were impartial and responsible to himself, • 3. The Muslim must live at peace with the Hindu. • Akbar strove during his lifetime to achieve these 3 things. He showed tolerance to Hindu scholars and women. • By 1650, the Mughal empire had expanded farther North and South.

  22. Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India • 1526-1530 Babur’s victory at Panipat in 1526 established the Mughal Empire and ended the reign of the Delhi Sultanate. The rise of the great Mughal Dynasty in India began with Babur. • 1530-1556 Humayun succeeded his father Babur and became emperor. He was defeated and dislodged by insurrections of nobles from the old Lodi regime. In 1540, the Mughal domain came under control of Farid Khan Sur (Shir Shah Sur). Humayun died at the age of 48 when he fell down the steps of his library. • 1556-1605 Akbar, the most sophisticated Mughal commander and leader, was only 14 years of age when he succeeded his father Humayun. Under Akbar's reign, Muslims and Hindu’s received the same respect.

  23. Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India • 1605-1628 Jehangir succeeded his father, Akbar. • 1628-1658 Prince Khurram was 35 years old when he ascended the throne as Shah Jehan, King of the World. • 1659-1707 In the summer of 1659, Aurangzeb held a coronation in the Red Fort where he assumed the title of Alamgir (World Conqueror). After a bitter struggle with his two brothers, Aurangzeb was the victor who took the throne. • 1857 Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, was deposed in 1858. India was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown. This brought the end of the Mughal Empire.

  24. The Mughals Indian empire that ruled for more than 300 years (1526 to 1858), except for a brief period under the Sur sultans (1540-1555).

  25. Desription • Founded in 1526. • Dominated India between 17th and 18th centuries. • Empire ended in mid-1900s. • Descended from Mongolian ancestors around Pakistan. • Population at height: between 110 and 130 million people. • Sophisticated, mixed Indo-Persian culture.

  26. Brief History • Empire founded in 1526 by Emperor Babur. • Prospered under first 6 emperors, referred to as the Great Mughals. • 2nd emperor, Humayan, lost several battles to Sher Shah Suri, losing control of Hindustan. • 3rd emperor Akbar (circa 1700) regained control of Hindustan. Greatest Mughal ruler. • 5th ruler Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in 1653. • Empire declined under 6th emperor, Aurangzeb. Wars of succession, local revolts. • By 1765, the Mughal emperor had become a pensioner of the British East India Company. • Empire had several more mediocre rulers, finally ending in 1857 with expulsion to Burma (by British) of Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.

  27. Influence onIndia • Centralized government system. • Persian art/culture merged with native Indian art/culture. • New trade routes with Arabs and Turks. • Mughlai cuisine. • New architectural style. • Landscape gardening. • Urdu language developed from the fusion of Indian and Islamic culture. • Urdu = Persian + Arabic + Turkish

  28. Involved a lot of nature (birds, flowers, animals, etc.) • Very colorful and detailed. • In 1680 Emporer Shah Jahan banned music and painting from his court, but he allowed architectural art, such as the Pearl Mosque and the Taj Mahal.

  29. Architecture • Nearly 400 monuments have survived a time-span of 132 years. • White marble and red sandstone was favored. • Semi-precious gemstones were popular (jade, crystal, etc.) • Used arches sparingly. • Symmetry and balance stressed. • Used octagons a lot.

  30. PRIMARY SOURCES • MAJOR HISTORIANS: • ABUL FAZL • ABDUL QADIR BADAONI • GULBADAN BEGUM • ABDUL HAMID LAHORI • SAQI MUSTAID KHAN • BHIMSEN

  31. INTRODUCTION • What were the factors behind the success of the Mughals? • How they were able to establish and maintained their sovereignty over the Indian sub-continent and legitimize their rule? • Was it because they had better military technology and skills? Or had charismatic

  32. INTRODUCTION • rulers? Or were the centralizing institutions and broad base and culturally diverse bureaucracy responsible for their success? • How did the descendents of Babur who ruled over a small principality in Farghana (Afghanistan) created one of the most powerful gunpowder empires (other two: the Ottoman Turks and Safavids of Persia)

  33. THE LARGEST ARMY • The Mughals maintained the largest standing army of that time. Just one estimate: In 1628 there 200,000 salaried cavalrymen, 8000 mansabdars, 7000 ahadis and mounted musketeers were stationed at the imperial capital, besides the armies of the nobles, mansabdars and the princes. In many instances they had the fastest moving army as well. Akbar was able to cover a distance of 500

  34. THE LARGEST ARMY… • miles (normally it took twenty-one days), in nine days to crush a rebellion (this feat was never repeated). • Mughal dynamism depended on its military conquest, so much that some historians call it “a war state (J F Richards). Mughal emperors made little apology for attacking the neighbouring rulers and they regarded the

  35. CHARISMATIC RULERS • adjoining territories either as tributaries or enemies. • The Mughal emperors, especially Akbar, created a special image of himself, and some of his personal qualities and virtues later served as a model for his successors (more details when legitimization process will be discussed).

  36. CENTRALIZING INSTITUTIONS • Most of the administrative institutions were initiated and established during the reign of Akbar. He was able to build a centralized administration which was capable of steady expansion as new territories were added to the empire. At the apex of this system was the emperor who acted as a chief executive. • At the central level there were four main

  37. THE MINISTERS… • officials and their ministries namely: Diwan in charge of finance and revenue, Mir Bakshi in charge of army and intelligence, Qazi in charge of judiciary and patronage and Mir-i-Saman in charge of the royal household, and its central workshops, buildings, roads and canals throughout the empire. • All other functions such as diplomacy and

  38. THE MINISTERS.. • external affairs remained under emperor’s control. • The Mughal civil and administrative officials were regulated and organized under the mansabdari system. • Each of these officials were supported and helped by a large staff of clerks, accountants, auditors, messengers, and other functionaries.

  39. THE PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS • The division of functions established at the centre was duplicated in the provinces. At each provincial capital a subahdar (governor) responsible directly to the emperor, shared power with a diwan (finance official) reported to the imperial diwan, bakshi (military and intelligence official) reported to the mir-bakshi and a sadr reported to the imperial qazi.

  40. THE MANSABDARI SYSTEM • Every official in the Mughal empire, high or low, had a rank or a mansab. Their status, duties, pay and importance were graded accordingly. Technically, all mansabdars had to maintain a military contingent for which they were paid. All other officials were paid in cash. During Akbar’s time the official bearing a decimal rank of 500 were ranked as a noble

  41. THE MANSABDARI …. • or umara. But by the end of the seventeenth century the mansabdars with 1000 rank were accorded the status of a umara. • All mansabdars had dual ranks and they were remunerated on that basis. The successful regulation of the mansabs and the salary assignment (jagirdari system) can be truly termed as a Mughal phenomenon.

  42. THE MANSABDARI… • All Mughal officials received a dual rank when they joined the Mughal imperial service. That was zat (personal salary) and sawar (payment for the military contingent). For example the mansab of Prince Salim (Jahangir) was 5000 zat/5000 sawar. What does it mean: Prince Salim’s personal salary was based on his mansab of 5000 zat and for 5000 sawar, he had to maintain a military contingent.

  43. THE MANSABDARI… • During Akbar’s reign the ratio was one horsemen and two horses and a mansabdar of 5000 sawar had to maintain a contingent of 5000 horsemen. The mansabdars zat rank never exceeded his sawar rank (either it used to be equal 5000/5000 or 3000/ 4000 or less than the sawar rank). The zat numerals were always used to be stated first. • The highest rank (mansab) was 7000/7000 which was awarded to the officials/royalty.

  44. CHANGES IN THE MANSABDARI • After the reign of Akbar when the highest ranking mansabdars who had reached the maximum limit in their mansab had nothing to aspire for. For this reason there were some changes in the mansabdari system. • The quota of the contingent which each mansabdar had to maintain was lowered and there were further reductions in the contingent if the mansabdars were posted on the frontiers or far away places.

  45. THE CHANGES… • Changes in the mansabdari system: • Du-aspa and sih-aspa categories: For example the mansab of Ali Mardan Khan (1628) was 7000/7000 du-aspa (His personal rank was 7000 but for his 7000 contingent he had to maintain only 66% of troops) • If the sih-aspa category was added then the mansabdar had to maintain 33% of his contingent.

  46. THE CHANGES… • The crisis in the mansabdari system was becoming obvious by the time of Shahjahan. The zat rank of the mansabdars starting exceeding their sawar rank and had crossed the maximum limit of 7000. A mansabdar could have a mansab of 20,000/ 5000. (will be elaborated).

  47. THE JAGIRDARI SYSTEM • All the Mughal mansabdars were paid through an assignment of jagirs. • These jagirs can be linked to the Delhi Sultan’s Iqta system where the Sultans parcelled out their territories to be administered by their nobles and the state officials. These officials were responsible for maintaining law and order and collection of land revenue. After meeting

  48. THE JAGIRDARI… • the necessary expenses the iqtadars used to send the surplus revenue to the central treasury. • The jagir assignments initiated by Akbar, however, only gave the right to collect revenues to the mansabdars. They were not responsible to maintain law and order or any other responsibilities. It was a purely fiscal

  49. THE JAGIRDARI… • arrangement and only Rajput mansabdars were given more extensive rights of residence within their own homeland (Rajputana). They received patrimonial (Mughal term: watan) lands as a part of the jagirs assigned to them. • The most important element of the jagir assignments was that they were transferable. Abul Fazl compared the transfer of jagirs to

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