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Future Wireless Standards and the Emergence of WiMAX

Future Wireless Standards and the Emergence of WiMAX. October 3-4, 2007. Jeff Reed reedjh@vt.edu reedjh@crtwireless.com (540) 231-2972 James Neel james.neel@crtwireless.com (540) 230-6012 www.crtwireless.com. Jeffrey H. Reed. Director, Wireless @ Virginia Tech

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Future Wireless Standards and the Emergence of WiMAX

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  1. Future Wireless Standards and the Emergence of WiMAX October 3-4, 2007 Jeff Reed reedjh@vt.edu reedjh@crtwireless.com (540) 231-2972 James Neel james.neel@crtwireless.com (540) 230-6012www.crtwireless.com 1/82

  2. Jeffrey H. Reed • Director, Wireless @ Virginia Tech • Willis G. WorcesterProfessor, Deputy Director, Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG) • Authored book, Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering • IEEE Fellow for Software Radio, Communications Signal Processing and Education • Industry Achievement Award from the SDR Forum • Highly published. Co-authored – 2 books, edited – 7 books. • Previous and Ongoing CR projects from • ETRI, ONR, ARO, Tektronix • Email: reedjh@vt.edu 2/82

  3. James Neel • President, Cognitive Radio Technologies, LLC • PhD, Virginia Tech 2006 • Textbook chapters on: • Cognitive Network Analysis in • Data Converters in Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering • SDR Case Studies in Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering • UWB Simulation Methodologies in An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems • SDR Forum Paper Awards for 2002, 2004 papers on analyzing/designing cognitive radio networks • Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com 3/82

  4. About Virginia Tech • Virginia Tech has approximately 26,000 students • The College of Engineering grants the 7th largest number BS degrees in the US, and is ranked 14th by US News and others • The Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering is one of the nation’s largest ECE departments, with broad resources: • 72 tenure-track faculty and 12 research faculty members • 1,100 undergraduate and 570 graduate students • Wireless Telecommunications is a principal focus area • 25 ECE faculty are involved in various aspects of wireless communications research and teaching. • Large number of the ECE graduate students are majoring in wireless telecommunications field. 4/82

  5. Wireless @ Virginia Tech • New Wireless Umbrella Group • MPRG, CWT, VTVT, WML, Antenna Group, Time Domain Lab, DSPRL • Officially rolled-out June 2006 • Currently 32 tenure-track faculty and more than 111 students • Backlog in research growing • University providing initial financial support • Cognitive Networks targeted as strategic technical growth effort 5/82

  6. What is Wireless @ Virginia Tech? A comprehensive organization focused on wireless research to support our educational mission. 6/82

  7. Algorithm Development Antennas RF Circuit Design MEMS UWB Position Location RF Systems Cognitive Radio/Networks Collaborative Radio Software Radio Smart Antennas and Diversity Schemes Radio Resource Management Network protocol design Cross layer optimization Game Theory Analysis Hybrid wireless/fiber optic/powerline systems Land Mobile Radio MIMO Interference Cancellation Channel Measurements Channel Modeling Simulation Tools VLSI Implementation Reconfigurable Computing RF material-characterization Security Networking Sensor networking Satellite Systems Wearable computing and communications Research Areas 7/82

  8. Applied EM Army Research Office AeroAstro Astron Wireless Technologies Ausgar Technologies, Inc Bradley Fellowship Program Catalyst Communications Technologies Cisco Systems, Inc. Comteh DRS Technologies ETRI L-3 Laboratory for Telecommunication Science Luna Motorola Nanosonics National Institute of Justice National Polar-Orbiting Earth Sensing Satellite Program National Science Foundation RFMD M/A-COM Office of Naval Research Rosettex Technology & Ventures Group SAIC SPAWAR Systems Center Tektronix Texas Instruments U.S. Army U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Current and Recent Research Sponsors 8/82

  9. 2006&2007 Classes from Our Wireless Summer School • Software Design for SDR • Cognitive Radio • Turbo and LDPC Codes • Embedded Systems and SDR • High Frequency RFID • UWB-based Positioning • Issues and Applications of UWB • Networking Technologies for SDR • Issues and Applications of Wearable Computing • Game Theory for Wireless • Antennas for Wireless Comms • RF MEMS for Wireless • An Overview of 802.15.4a • Interference Rejection/Mitigation Techniques • Software Radio Specification • Resource Management in Ad Hoc Networks • Satellite Communications • Active Antennas • Hands-on Intro to SCA-Based SDR • Oscillator Design and Noise Performance • Simulation of Communication Systems • Public Safety Comm Systems Requirements and Designs • Networking Cognitive Radios • Coupled, Co-evolving Social and Telecommunication Networks • FPGA-Based Signal Processing 9/82

  10. Cognitive Radio Technologies Small business incorporated in Feb 2007 to commercialize VT cognitive radio research Provide traditional wireless engineering services and develop critical cognitive radio technologies Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com reedjh@crtwireless.com bin.le@crtwireless.com Website: crtwireless.com Tel: 540-230-6012 Mailing Address: Cognitive Radio Technologies 147 Mill Ridge Rd, Suite 119 Lynchburg, VA 24502 10/82

  11. General Engineering Services Analysis Systems Analysis MAC/Network behavior SDR (SCA, STRS) Algorithm development Traditional waveform processing Location services Signal classification/detection Cognitive networking Coexistence techniques Prototype designs from architecture to implementation USRP/GNU, DSP, FPGA GNU Radio and USRP related design and service Training and Tutorials Cognitive Radio: Technologies, Implementations, Genetic Algorithms, case-based reasoning, regulatory issues, implementation, networking, signal detection/classification, applications Game Theory and Cognitive Radio Networks cooperative and non-cooperative games, equilibria concepts, convergence and stability of self-interested behavior, techniques to evaluate and improve performance Software Radio RF design and selection, data conversion principles, baseband processing techniques, software architectures, multi-rate techniques, signal generation and pre-distortion. Emerging Commercial Wireless Standards OFDM/MIMO, WiMAX/WiBro, 802.22, 802.11a/b/g/h/n, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, Zigbee, WiMedia, Satellite, UMB, P25, TIA series, ATSC CRT Engineering 11/82

  12. Low complexity, “zero-overhead” algorithms for distributed radio resource management Ad-hoc, mesh star topologies PHY, MAC, NET control Processor Cycle Estimation Tool Rapid estimation of cycles, energy, and memory required to implement waveforms across variety of DSP platforms CRT Technologies 12/82

  13. Tutorial Objectives • Understand state of the wireless world • Understand how some key standards work and the tradeoffs available to implementations of those standards • Understand the basic principles and deployment options of WiMAX 13/82

  14. Day 1 Schedule 8:00-10:00 Overview of the Wireless Market 10:00-10:15 Break 10:15-11:15 TD-SCDMA 11:15-12:00 Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part I 12:00-1:00 Lunch 1:00-2:30 Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part II 2:30-2:45 Break 2:45-3:50 WLAN Part 1 (Overview, 802.11n) 3:50-4:00 Break 4:00-5:00 Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed 14/82

  15. Day 2 Schedule 8:00-8:15 Review of Key Material in Day 1 8:15-9:30 WLAN Part 2 (802.11p,r,s,y) 9:30-9:45 Break 9:45-12:00 WiMAX Part 1 (Overview, Mobile WiMAX) 12:00-1:00 Lunch 1:00-2:30 WiMAX Part 2 (MMR (802.16j), 802.16h) 2:30-2:45 Break 2:45-3:30 Interoperability Standards (GAN, 802.21, 802.11u, industry standards) 3:30-3:50 Review 3:50-4:00 Break 4:00-5:00 Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed 15/82

  16. Wireless Minutes 16/82 Shamelessly modified from cover art to Michael Todd’s soundtrack to “Around the World in 80 Days”, see http://www.phys.uu.nl/~gdevries/objects/80days_todd.html for original context

  17. Comparisons • This might be controversial – Depends on extensions of these standards. 17/82

  18. WWAN WMAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB <5 km 802.16e,h,j WGAN GlobalStar II, BGAN WRAN <40 km 802.22 WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Material Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 18/82

  19. 802.15 Standards 802.15.1 April 2002 Bluetooth 802.15.2 Oct 2003 Coexistence 802.15.3 Jun 2003 High data rate 802.15.3a UWB (high rate) 802.15.3b Doc Maintenance 802.15.3c May 2008 mm-wave PHY 802.15.4 May 2003 zigbee 802.15.4a 2007 (ballot) UWB (low rate) 802.15.4b Sep 2006 Updates 802.15.4 document 802.15.4c No PAR (SG) Chinese WPAN 802.15.4d PAR (SG) 950 MHz in Japan 802.15.5 2008? WPAN Mesh Frequency Allocations 802.15.1,3,4 2.4-2.4835 World 2.4465-2.4835 France 802.15.4 868/915 MHz 862-868 Europe 802.15.3a 3.1-10.6 GHz Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) 802.15.3a disbanded Jan 2006 MBOA technologies became WiMedia High speed DS-UWB basically dead after Freescale pulled out 19/82

  20. WiMedia • Industry alliance from MBOA 802.15.3a • Standardized for US in Dec 2005 in ECMA-368 and 369 • http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-368.htm • ECMA used specifically to avoid 802 standardization problems • PHY • Multiband OFDM QPSK • 53.3, 80, 106.7, 160, 200, 320, 400, 480 Mbps nominal data rates • Range of 10 m indoor • Data can be interleaved across 3 bands, 7 defined patterns (channels) • Mandatory support for band group 1 • MAC • Peer to Peer, Ad-hoc • AES 128 • Support for Dynamic Channel Selection • Ranging via propagation delay measurements • Bluetooth-like information discovery From Fig 28: 20/82

  21. Primarily marketed as cable replacement Wireless USB out in Dec 2006 Hub-spoke model Mandatory support for band group 1 Mandatory rates of 53.3, 106.7, 200 Mbps Initial Belkin device didn’t live up to the hype Data rate of 6.35 Mbits/s Reportedly not to WiMedia spec http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196602148 Bluetooth 3.0 devices in 2008 http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/wireless/nextgen-bluetooth-30-on-the-way-179684.php Wireless Firewire and IP also supported over WiMedia standard WiMedia Implementations From: http://www.wimedia.org/en/events/documents/02WiMedia_Overview_CES2006.ppt 21/82

  22. Status • Nokia sponsored initiative announced Oct 2006 • Specification work is currently being evaluated, targeted for availability second quarter 2007 • Trial chips probably available late 2007 • Public data: (from wibree.com and http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/06/wibree_analysis/) • 2.4 GHz ISM band • Range 10 meters • 1 Mbps data rate • Likely to be integrated into Bluetooth products • Targets low power/low cost market • Many reports mentioned WiBree as a competitor to Bluetooth • Being brought into Bluetooth fold • http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3682961 • More likely a competitor to Zigbee and Z-wave 22/82

  23. zigbee • the software” • Network, Security & Application layers • Brand management • IEEE 802.15.4 • “the hardware” • Physical & Media Access Control layers • PHY • 868MHz/915MHz, 2.4 GHz • Band specific modulations • 20-250 kbps • MAC • CSMA-CA channel access • Support for ad-hoc networks Application Customer API Security 32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee Alliance Network Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree MAC IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz Stack Silicon App 23/82 Source: http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/

  24. Applications 24/82

  25. 802.15.4b Published September 2006 as IEEE 802.15.4-2006 http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.15.4-2006.pdf Beacon to reduce CSMA collisions Improved security (likely leverage 802.11i) Support for new frequency allocations 802.15.4a Approved March 2007 Adds Impulse UWB and chirp modes to zigbee (802.15.4) for signaling and ranging Impulse UWB operates in UWB bands Chirp (range only) operates in 2.4 GHz band 802.15.4a,b 25/82

  26. Draft still being edited Defines Mesh mode (MAC) for 802.15 Mesh messages Route outside PicoNet via MPNC (Mesh Capable PicoNet Coordinator) Beaconing used to distribute information and synchronize Routing approaches MPNC can act as a topology server Location routing (using UWB ranging) Centralized routing Distributed routing (route discovery frame broadcasts) Attempts to treat network as set of connected trees 802.15.5 PicoNet Mesh Networks 26/82 IEEE P802.15.5™/D0.01, July 2006

  27. WWAN WMAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB <5 km 802.16e,h,j WGAN GlobalStar II, BGAN WRAN <40 km 802.22 WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Material Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 27/82

  28. Past dates are standards approval dates. Future dates from 802.11 working group timelines Letters are working group (WG) designations. Letters assigned alphabetically as groups created. No WG/ WG document 802.11c MAC Bridging work incorporated into 802.1d 802.11l “typologically unsound” 802.11m doc maintenance 802.11o “typologically unsound” 802.11q too close to 802.1q 802.11x generic 802.11 standard 802.11t (test) will produce 802.11.2 802.11 Alphabet Soup Jun 1997 802.11 2 Mbps ISM Sep 1999 802.11a 54 Mbps UNII Sep 1999 802.11b 11 Mbps ISM Oct 2001 802.11d global roaming Jun 2003 802.11f interoperability Jun 2003 802.11g 54 Mbps ISM Oct 2003 802.11h spectrum management Jun 2004 802.11i security Oct 2004 802.11j Japanese spectrum Sep 2005 802.11e real time QoS Dec 2007 802.11k RRM measurements Mar 2008 802.11r fast roaming Mar 2008 802.11y US 3.65 GHz Sep 2008 802.11n 100 Mbps Jan 2009 802.11u external networks Feb 2009 802.11w packet security Mar 2009 802.11p vehicular (5.9) Aug 2009 802.11s mesh networks Aug 2009 802.11.2 test recommendations Sep 2009 802.11v network management 28/82 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm

  29. MIMO evolution of 802.11 OFDM PHY Fully interoperable with legacy 802.11a/b/g Up to 4 antennas per device Data Rates 20 and 40MHz channels 288 Mbps in 20MHz and 600 Mbps in 40MHz (64 QAM, 4 spatial streams, 1/2 guard interval) Claim of 100 Mbps in real throughput Optional enhancements Transmit beamforming with negligible overhead at the client Advanced channel coding techniques (RS) Space Time Block Coding (Alamouti and others) 1/2 guard interval (i.e., 400ns instead of 800 ns) 7/8 rate coding Applications focused on streaming data HDTV, DVD interactive gaming, enterprise Status Nov 06 – group approved draft 1.06, still 350+ comments to resolve. In Draft 2.0 Lots of pre-n devices floating around IP issues Expect ratified standard in Spring 2008 Wi-Fi Alliance Certify to Draft 2.0 started this spring Certify to Ratified Standard when done. 802.11n (more later) 29/82 Image from: http://www.tgnsync.org/products

  30. Ports 802.11a to 3.65 GHz – 3.7 GHz (US Only) FCC opened up band in July 2005 Ready 2008 Intended to provide rural broadband access Incumbents Band previously reserved for fixed satellite service (FSS) and radar installations – including offshore Must protect 3650 MHz (radar) Not permitted within 80km of inband government radar Specialized requirements near Mexico/Canada and other incumbent users Leverages other amendments Adds 5,10 MHz channelization (802.11j) DFS for signaling for radar avoidance (802.11h) Working to improve channel announcement signaling Database of existing devices Access nodes register at http://wireless.fcc.gov/uls Must check for existing devices at same site Higher power could extend range to 5km 802.11y (more later) 30/82 Source: IEEE 802.11-06/0YYYr0

  31. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Started in IEEE 1609, spun into 802.11p AKA (WAVE) Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment Ready by 2009 5.850 to 5.925GHz band Goal Telematics (collision avoidance) Roadside-to-vehicle Vehicle-to-vehicle environments 54 Mbps, <50 ms latency Possible competitor to cellular Range up to 1 km Atheros released an early chipset for DSRC (version I, current work is on version II) 802.11p (more later) Collision Avoidance Scenario From: IEEE 802.11- 04/ 0121r0 Available:http://www.npstc.org/meetings/Cash%20WAVE%20Information%20for%205.9%20GHz%20061404.pdf 31/82

  32. 802.11r (more later) • Modify MAC and security protocols to support faster handoffs • Important as voice over WiFi becomes more popular • Status • Standard out in 2008 • Will be certified by WiFi Alliance • Features • QoS reservation • Encryption key distribution • 5 step handoff process to 3 steps 32/82 http://www.networkcomputing.com/gallery/2007/0416/0416ttb.jhtml;jsessionid=0CK4ZKR20HC5QQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN

  33. Modify 802.11 MAC to create dynamic self-configuring network of access points (AP) called and Extended Service Set (ESS) Mesh Status Standard out in 2009 Numerous mesh products available now Involvement from Mitre, NRL Features Automatic topology learning, dynamic path selection Single administrator for 802.11i (authentication) Support higher layer connections Allow alternate path selection metrics Extend network merely by introducing access point and configuring SSID 802.11s (more later) IP or Ethernet 33/82

  34. WWAN WMAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB <5 km 802.16e,h,j WGAN GlobalStar II, BGAN WRAN <40 km 802.22 WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Material Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 34/82

  35. 802.16 Family (WiMAX) 802.16 Apr 2002 LOS 10-66 GHz 802.16a Apr 2003 2-11 GHz 802.16c Jan 2003 2-11 GHz 802.16d Oct 2004 Combined 802.16,a,c 802.16e Dec 2005 Mobile WiMAX 802.16f Dec 2005 Net Management Database (MIB) 802.16g Spring 2007 Network management plane 802.16h Fall 2007 License-exempt Coexistence 802.16i 2008? Mobile Management Information Base 802.16j 2008 Mobile Multihop Relay CFP Dec 2006 802.16k Fall 2007 Network Management (to WG ballot) 802.16m 2009-10 4G Commercialization Roadmap WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org Projections based on data at http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/milestones/dev/milestones_dev.html 35/82

  36. 802.16e (Mobile WiMAX, 802.16-2005) PHY Spec Overview • Ideally, 802.16 + mobility • Really intended for nomadic or low mobility • Not backwards compatible with 802.16-2004 • http://www.unstrung.com/document.asp?doc_id=76862 • Direct competitor to 3G, 4G, 802.20 though WiMAX Forum once said otherwise • Advance equipment and planned deployments, particularly for WiBro • PHY • Scalable OFDM + Optional MIMO • Convolutional turbo codes • Optional block turbo codes, LDPC WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org 36/82

  37. Frame-by-frame resource allocation Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) UL and DL Scheduling Variable QoS Three handoff methods A traditional Hard Handoff (HHO) Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS) A list of reachable base stations is maintained by mobile and base stations, but base stations discard packets if not the active BS Macro Diversity (MDHO) Same list is maintained, but all base stations in the list can participate in the reception and transmission of packets. Security AES for traffic and control data EAP Privacy and Key Management Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2) 3-way handshake on handoffs IP Core Network (supports Voice Over IP) Multicast Broadcast Services Like cellular multicast services WiBRO Defines a set of options for Mobile WiMAX for Korean deployment Other Mobile WiMAX Features 37/82

  38. Draft to ballot Oct 06, 67% approve, resolving comments) Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt Operation Explicitly, a cognitive radio standard Incorporates many of the hot topics in cognitive radio Token based negotiation Interference avoidance Network collaboration RRM databases Coexistence with non 802.16h systems Regular quiet times for other systems to transmit 802.16h From: M. Goldhamer, “Main concepts of IEEE P802.16h / D1,” Document Number: IEEE C802.16h-06/121r1, November 13-16, 2006. 38/82

  39. Expand coverage, capacity by adding relay stations Intended for licensed operation Not intended as a mesh network Actually a tree Support mobile units Relays controlled from base stations Fixed Relay Permanent installation Useful for coverage holes Nomadic Relay Temporary fixed installation Extra capacity for special events (military SDR conferences) Mobile Relay Placed on mobile platform to support users on the platform Useful for public transport (buses, trains) 802.16j Mobile Multi-hop Relay Modified from Fig 1 in IEEE 802.16mmr-05/032 39/82

  40. 802.16m • Intended to be 4G (satisfy requirements of IMT-Advanced) • http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/ • Requirements still being defined • http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m-07_002r1.pdf Projected Improvements over 802.16e 40/82

  41. WWAN WMAN <15 km 802.20, LTE, UMB <5 km 802.16e,h,j WGAN GlobalStar II, BGAN WRAN <40 km 802.22 WLAN <100m 802.11n,p,s,y WPAN <10m WiBree Material Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003 41/82

  42. Cellular Technologies 42/82

  43. Cellular Overview • Two primary competing approaches to 3G • 3GPP Family • GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA (WCDMA-TDD), HSCSD, HSPDA, LTE • Promotional www.gsmworld.com • Standards www.3gpp.org • 3GPP2 Family • CDMAOne (IS-95a,b), 1xRTT, 1xEVDO, 1xEVDV, UMB • Promotional http://www.cdg.org • Standards www.3gpp2.org • One vision • Voice + high speed data + mobility • One dominant IP holder (Qualcomm) 43/82

  44. GSM Coverage http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm WCDMA Coverage areas: Europe, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Israel, South Africa, Bahrain, US (Spotty) 44/82

  45. CDMA Subscriber Stats (June 07) Better upgrade path, Lots of cannibalization of IS-95 All CDMA Just cdma2000 45/82 Stats as of June 2007 http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/report/072Q_cdma_subscriber_report.pdf

  46. Global Cellular Market Data • Currently over 2.3 billion cellular subscribers worldwide (INSTAT) • By 2010 projected to be over 3.6 billion (over half the world - INSTAT) • 3GPP (GSM/WCDMA) has most of the market (77% in 2005, 83% in 2006) • Most of that lead is in GSM • 3GPP2 (cdma2000) got a massive jump on 3GPP • However, WiMAX may soon outpace… http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4 As of July 07 http://www.3gtoday.com/wps/portal/subscribers/ 46/82

  47. North American Cellular Market • 3G almost exclusively 3GPP2 • Significant number of legacy deployments http://www.cellular-news.com/story/26145.php 47/82

  48. Cellular Evolution Paths • General trend to higher data rates via transition to OFDM, MIMO, wider bandwidths, VoIP, and greater flexibility UMB 48/82

  49. GPRS • General Packet Radio Service • Packet-based protocol layered over GSM or IS-136 networks • Transfer rates up to 171.2 kbps • Supports X.25 and IP (Internet Protocol) • Packet-switched link • Makes possible data transfer without circuit connection • Uses up to 8 channels simultaneously • Widespread deployment 49/82

  50. EDGE • Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution • Data rate expected up to 384 kbps • Higher-order modulation over GSM provides enhanced data rates • Typically  100 kbps • Technology compatible with both GSM and IS-136 standards 50/82 http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4

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