Philip II and the Revolt in the Netherlands

1. Philip II and the Revolt in the Netherlands

2. Spanish Empire of Philip II

3. European Close-up of Philip II’s Empire

4. Strategic Marriages of Philip II

5. Philip II: Defender of the Catholic Faith • Continue fight against the Ottoman Turks • Battle of Lepanto, 1571 – 30% of Muslin navy destroyed = Spain now has control of trade in Mediterranean • “His Most Catholic Majesty” • Supporter of Carmelite reform movement • Built the Escorial • Confessors and theologians = some of his closest political advisers

6. el Escorial: Philip II’s Royal Palace and Monastery

7. Interior of the Escorial

8. Philip II’s History in the Netherlands • Son of Charles V (Habsburg) • Charles V born in Ghent - seen as “Dutch” • Philip II inherits it – but he is seen SPANISH! – so resented • Calvinism strong in Netherlands • Philip – great defender of Catholic faith - tries to root out Calvinism by force (Spanish Inquisition & Spanish troops)

9. Philip II’s Influence in the Netherlands • Makes his sister Margaret, regent – enforces Inquisition • But Calvinists angry and attack Antwerp: churches, libraries, statues, altars. destroyed • Philip sends Duke of Alba – but seen as enemy too • William of Orange (aka William the Silent) • (German – but has estates in Netherlands) – organizes Calvinist province leaders against Spanish; war at sea (Dutch, Danes, Scots & English)

10. Important Dates of Dutch Revolt • 1566 – religious toleration, led to Calvinist uprising • 1567 – Duke of Alba’s Council of Troubles & taxation, led to further rebellion • 1572 – Calvinist exiles return and elect William of Orange as their leader • 1575 – bankruptcy, led to military mutiny “Spanish Fury” • 1579 – Spanish Netherlands vs. United Provinces (aka Dutch Republic) • 1581 – Dutch Declaration of Independence • 1588 – Sinking of the Spanish Armada

11. Queen Elizabeth and the Spanish Armada • Elizabeth I aiding the Northern Provinces • Common enemy = Philip II • Elizabeth worried that Philip II will try to attack England if he controls the Northern Provinces

12. The Spanish Armada 1588 • May 28: 30,000 • Spaniards, 130 ships, 123,790 cannonballs • English fleet – 197 ships (34 military, 163 privately owned) – smaller, more agile • The Spanish Plan: to reach the Netherlands and pick up the Spanish Army – get them across to England for war! • Problems: Winds vs. them – takes 3 wks to reach N. Spain, then… • July 21 – leave for Netherlands • July 29 – English spot them – Sir Francis Drake leads England! • July 30 – 1st battle – then English follow the Armada up the Channel • August 6 – Calais – but Spanish military isn’t ready – • Armada low on water, food, ammunition & English are preparing an attack to prevent the rendezvous of the Armada and the Duke’s army

13. Defeat of the Spanish Armada • August 7 – English attack – with fireships – set some of the larger Spanish galleys on fire • By 4pm on Aug 8… • Spanish face defeat so escape to North Sea --- lose numerous ships to wind – run aground on cliffs of Ireland --- tragedy!!! • By Aug 12 Duke of Medina-Sidonia capitulates • 15,000-20,000 Spaniards dead – ½ of the navy • Between 1/3 and ½ of Spanish ships destroyed The invincible armada católica is defeated! England = new European naval super power

15. The Netherlands . . . after the revolt 1609 = Twelve Year Truce butdo not gain independencefrom Spain until 1648 with theTreaty of Westphalia(30 Years’ War)