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Splash Screen. Chapter Introduction Section 1: History and Governments Section 2: Cultures and Lifestyles Visual Summary. Chapter Menu.

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:History and Governments Section 2:Cultures and Lifestyles Visual Summary Chapter Menu

  3. MovementToday, Russia is the world’s largest country. Early in its history, however, it was a small territory on the edge of Europe. Strong rulers gradually expanded Russia’s borders. While Russia’s government has undergone a number of changes, the country’s culture and traditions have remained strong.Why do countries often wish to expand their territory? Chapter Intro 1

  4. Section 1: History and Governments The characteristics and movement of people impact physical and human systems.Russia grew from a small trading center into a large empire. Although Russia’s leaders and a few citizens enjoyed great power, most Russians remained poor and had few rights. In time, these conditions led to great changes in Russia’s government. Chapter Intro 2

  5. Section 2: Cultures and Lifestyles Culture groups shape human systems.The Russian people have created a rich culture that reflects strong national feelings. Cultural traditions have shaped many areas of daily life, such as housing, recreation, and celebrations. Chapter Intro 2

  6. Chapter Intro-End

  7. The characteristics and movement of people impact physical and human systems. Section 1-Main Idea

  8. Content Vocabulary missionary czar serf communist state collectivization Cold War glasnost perestroika coup Section 1-Key Terms

  9. Academic Vocabulary convert release eliminate Section 1-Key Terms

  10. A giant cat? No, it is actually a miniature city. The highest building in this model of the city of Königsberg stands only 3 feet (91 cm) high. Königsberg means “King’s Mountain” and was once a German capital. In 1945, during the final days of World War II, German and Soviet armies fought a desperate four-day battle in the city. After the war, the Soviet Union took control of the city and renamed it Kaliningrad. Today, Kaliningrad is part of Russia, which became independent after the Soviet Union’s fall in 1991. Read this section to find out more about Russia’s history. Section 1-Picture This

  11. A B Do you think citizens have the right to overthrow their government if they are unhappy with the administration’s policies? A. Yes B. No Section 1-Polling Question

  12. Among the causes of the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991 were that the country’s many ethnic groups wanted independence, few of the nation’s people believed in communism, and the poor communist economy created hardship for the citizens. Perhaps the final, deciding causes, though, were the policies of glasnost and perestroika—experiences of freedom the people liked very much. Section 1

  13. The Russian Empire Strong leaders made Russia a vast empire, but widespread suffering eventually led to revolution. Section 1

  14. The Russian Empire (cont.) During the A.D. 800s, early Slavic peoples built a civilization around the city of Kiev, today the capital of Ukraine. This civilization, called Kievan Rus, prospered from river trade between Scandinavia and the Byzantine Empire. In 988, the people of Kievan Rus converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Expansion of Russia History at a Glance Section 1

  15. The Russian Empire (cont.) Missionaries, or people who move to another area to spread their religion, had brought this form of Christianity as well as a written language. In the 1200s, Mongol warriors from Central Asia conquered Kievan Rus. Many Slavs moved northward to the trading post of Moscow, which became the center of a new Slavic territory called Muscovy. History at a Glance Section 1

  16. The Russian Empire (cont.) Muscovy developed into the country known today as Russia. In 1547 Ivan IV declared himself czar, or emperor. Ivan and later czars, such as Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, expanded the Russian Empire toward the Pacific Ocean and Central Asia. History at a Glance Section 1

  17. The Russian Empire (cont.) Through the centuries, the czars, large landowners, and wealthy merchants enjoyed comfortable lives, but the majority of Russians were poor serfs, or farm laborers who could be bought and sold with the land. In 1861, Czar Alexander II freed the country’s 40 million serfs, although freedom did not release them from poverty. History at a Glance Section 1

  18. The Russian Empire (cont.) Alexander began to modernize the economy, but most Russians remained poor, and unrest spread among workers and peasants. In 1914, Russia joined France and Britain to fight Germany and Austria in World War I, but, poorly prepared, Russia suffered huge military defeats. History at a Glance Section 1

  19. The Russian Empire (cont.) Many Russians blamed Czar Nicholas II for the country’s poor performance and for food shortages. In 1917, the people staged a revolution that forced the czar to step down from the throne. Later that year, Vladimir Lenin led a second revolt that overthrew the temporary government. History at a Glance Section 1

  20. The Russian Empire (cont.) He set about establishing a communist statein which the government controlled the economy and society. History at a Glance Section 1

  21. A B C D Czars of Russia included all of the following EXCEPT A.Catherine the Great B.Vladimir Lenin C.Nicholas II D.Ivan IV Section 1

  22. Rise and Fall of Communism The Communist system controlled many aspects of people’s lives, but democratic ideas eventually took hold. Section 1

  23. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Vladimir Lenin and his followers created a new nation called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the Soviet Union. This nation included 15 republics made up of different ethnic groups. Russia was the largest republic, and the Russian ethnic group dominated the Soviet Union’s government. Section 1

  24. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Lenin followed the ideals of Karl Marx, who believed that industrialization had created an unjust system in which factory owners held great power while the workers held little. To make everyone in Soviet society more equal, Lenin did away with the private ownership of businesses. All farms and factories came under the control of the Soviet government. Section 1

  25. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Lenin’s policies were continued by Joseph Stalin, a harsh dictator who killed or imprisoned anyone who disagreed with him. Soviet leaders set up a command economy in which the government ran all areas of economic life, including deciding what crops farmers should grow and what goods factories should produce. Section 1

  26. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Soviet leaders introduced collectivization—a system in which small farms were combined into large, factory-like farms run by the government. These were inefficient and did not produce enough food for the people. Industrial production was more successful. Huge factories produced steel, machinery, and military equipment. Section 1

  27. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Under strict government control, competition was eliminated, or done away with, allowing only certain factories to make certain goods. This led to low efficiency and poor quality goods. In 1941, during World War II, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. By the time the war was over, 20 to 30 million Soviet soldiers and civilians had died. Section 1

  28. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Stalin wanted to make sure the Soviet Union would not be invaded again, so he kept Soviet troops in neighboring eastern European countries and established Communist governments in them. The Soviet Union and the United States were allies during World War II, but became bitter rivals after it. They engaged in a struggle for world influence known as the Cold War. Section 1

  29. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Each superpower became the center of a group of nations that pledged to help each other if attacked. The United States was the chief member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, which included most of western Europe’s democracies. The Soviet Union led the Warsaw Pact, a group of Communist countries that included most of Eastern Europe. Section 1

  30. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the new Soviet leader, began a number of reforms. Under the policy of glasnost, or “openness,” Soviet citizens could say and write what they thought without fear of being punished. The policy of perestroika, or “rebuilding,” aimed to boost the Soviet economy. It gave factory managers more freedom and called for small, privately-owned businesses. Section 1

  31. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Gorbachev’s policies made the Soviet people doubt communism, and by 1991, Russia and other Soviet republics had declared independence. As communism ended in eastern Europe, the Soviet Union faced growing unrest among its ethnic groups, and Gorbachev was criticized by all sides. Hard-liners wanted to stop changes, while reformers felt that Gorbachev was not moving fast enough. Section 1

  32. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) In August 1991, hard-line Communists attempted a coup, an overthrow of the government by military force. Boris Yeltsin, the president of Russia—the largest of the Soviet republics—called on the people to resist, and the hard-liners backed down. Section 1

  33. Rise and Fall of Communism (cont.) Within a few months, Russia and all of the other Soviet republics declared independence, and by the end of 1991, the Soviet Union no longer existed as a nation. Section 1

  34. A B C D Who was Russia’s harsh dictator that killed all those who opposed him? A.Lenin B.Stalin C.Yeltsin D.Gorbachev Section 1

  35. Section 1-End

  36. Culture groups shape human systems. Section 2-Main Idea

  37. Content Vocabulary oral tradition nationalism autonomy Academic Vocabulary promote primary exploit Section 2-Key Terms

  38. The model in this photograph is getting ready for Siberian Fashion Week in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Once a fortress city that protected Siberia from invaders, the city is now home to a festival that highlights the world of beauty. Krasnoyarsk links the eastern and western regions of icy Siberia. In a similar way, Fashion Week combines the artistic traditions of the regions with the business of high fashion. Read Section 2 to learn more about the rich cultures of Russia. Section 2-Picture This

  39. A B Have you ever seen Swan Lake or The Nutcracker performed either live or on television? A. Yes B. No Section 2-Polling Question

  40. Roller coasters originated in Russia in the 1700s! “Ice slides” were huge wooden frames with steps in the back and a steep, ice-covered slide in the front. The cart was also made of ice and had a straw seat and a rope handle. Customers would climb the up the back, get in the cart, and then fly down the slope, wrecking in a pile of sand at the bottom. Section 2

  41. Russia’s Cultures Russia’s many ethnic groups and a tradition of great achievements in the arts and sciences contribute to the country’s cultures. Section 2

  42. Russia’s Cultures (cont.) Under communism, Russia’s people were not allowed to practice religion, but that has changed. Today, Russia is home to many Eastern Orthodox Christians. Muslims, Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Jews also live in Russia. Section 2

  43. Russia’s Cultures (cont.) Early Russians developed a strong oral tradition, or passing stories by word of mouth from generation to generation. Writers and musicians have drawn on these stories or on folk music for their works. The Russian people’s strong sense of nationalism, or feelings of loyalty toward their country, is reflected in many artistic works. Section 2

  44. Russia’s Cultures (cont.) Russia has long been a center of music and dance. During the Soviet era, writers did not enjoy freedom of expression but were required to promote government policies in their works. Today’s government has also placed limits on freedom of speech. Section 2

  45. Russia’s Cultures (cont.) Famous Russian musicians and writers are Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky, Igor Stravinsky, Leo Tolstoy, and Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Russia is famous for its Bolshoi Ballet, Kirov Ballet, and Hermitage Museum. Because the Soviet Union emphasized education in the sciences, Russia has many scientists, mathematicians, and doctors. Russia has also long participated in the space program. Section 2

  46. A B C D Great Russian musicians and writers include the following EXCEPT A.Peter IlichTchaikovsky B.Leo Tolstoy C.Igor Stravinsky D.Claude Debussy Section 2

  47. Life in Russia Russian lifestyles are influenced by the region’s cold climate and vast area, as well as the country’s changing economic system. Section 2

  48. Life in Russia (cont.) Most Russians live in cities located west of the Ural Mountains. City dwellers generally live in large apartment buildings rather than in single-family homes. Wealthy Russians may own country homes called dachas. Section 2

  49. Life in Russia (cont.) Housing is scarce and often expensive. For this reason, grandparents, parents, and children frequently share the same apartment or dwelling. Russia’s most popular sports are associated with winter or are played indoors. Russian hockey players, figure skaters, and gymnasts are strong competitors in international events. Section 2

  50. Life in Russia (cont.) Russian holidays include the new Independence Day on June 12, which marks the country’s declaration of autonomy, or independence from the Soviet Union. Other popular holidays are New Year’s Eve and Maslenitsa, a week-long holiday marking the end of winter. Section 2

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