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Decolonization: Algeria vs. Uganda. Uganda:. Britain, 1894 Non-Settler Colony. Uganda: PSE Status Before Colonization. Buganda Kingdom Between 1100 & 1600 Traditional society Clan-based society Communal land ownership Some Islamic influence. Uganda:. Valued Resources Cotton
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Uganda: • Britain, 1894 • Non-Settler Colony
Uganda: PSE Status Before Colonization • Buganda Kingdom • Between 1100 & 1600 • Traditional society • Clan-based society • Communal land ownership • Some Islamic influence
Uganda: • Valued Resources • Cotton • Method of Rule • British officials took high posts • Imposed taxes • Asserted British law via local Buganda Chiefs
Uganda: Nationalist Leaders & Groups • Rising nationalism after WWI and WWII • Weak attempts at nationalist political parties • Uganda National Congress, 1952 • Uganda People’s Union, 1958 • Uganda’s People’s Congress, 1959
Uganda: UGANDA • Year of Independence = 1961 • Methods of Gaining Independence • Requests for independence dragged-on for years • British had puppet gov’ts in Uganda • Britain granted Independence as part of a larger wave of decolonization around 1960 • Ugandans elected local leaders, corrupt elections
Uganda: Summary Since Free • Idi Amin took rule in Uganda from 1971-1979 • Amin was born to a Catholic who converted to Islam. • Amin was abandoned by his father and raised by his mother. • He attended Islamic school and excelled at reciting the Qur’an. • After a few years he left school and joined the British Colonial army. • Amin served in many campaigns for the British and rose to the highest rank possible for a Black African.
Idi Amin • Idi Amin's rule cost an estimated 300,000 Ugandans' lives. • He forcibly removed the entrepreneurial Indian minority from Uganda, decimating the economy. • Thousands were killed for opposing his rule • His reign was ended after the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1979 in which Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda.
Overarching Themes • Colonies had to struggle to gain independence • Settler colonies had more complicated processes of gaining independence because of the Euro. people who settled there – who also wanted to keep their status and power • Non-settler colonies also had complicated (sometimes violent) independence fights, but many were able to transition power to local rulers as Euro. Influence moved out. • Most African nations have been dominated by military rulers since independence..
Algeria: Colonizer & Year • France, 1830 • Settler Colony
Algeria: PSE Status Before Colonization • History of Algeria • Part of Greek & Roman Empires • Islam arrived in 8th century (700s) CE = Umayyad • 300 years of Ottoman rule • French win control over Algeria in 1830 • Social and Economic Status • Islam dominated society • Trade center on Mediterranean • Long-time source of piracy • Strong agriculture due to Med. climate • Cotton, tobacco, grains, fruits, vegetables (figs, olive oil, etc.)..
Algeria: • Valued Resources • Cash crops = cotton and tobacco • Foods = fruits and vegetables • Method of Rule • Thousands of French migrated to Algeria • Termed “colons” for “colonizers” or “settlers” • Bought much land as it was cheap in price for them • French rule was strongest in urban centers • French governor held political power • French courts were imposed over traditional Islamic courts (Sharia Law) • French owned most business and profited greatly from manufacturing, mining, agriculture and trade
Algeria: • Government imposed higher taxes on Muslims than on Europeans • Muslims = 90% of population • Muslims earned 20% of Algeria’s income • Muslims paid 70% of Algeria’s direct taxes • French sought assimilation • Mission to civilize the Muslims • Established French schools with entirely French curriculum (no Arabic) • Only a small number of Algerians fought back
Algeria: Nationalist Leaders & Groups • WWI • Many Algerians fought in France • Many stayed in France after war • Noticed unequal standards of living • Inspired by European Enlightenment • WWII • Many Algerians fought for France again • After WWII • French fight to re-establish colony by attacking any protestors • In response, a more radical Algerian independence movements rise • Groups • Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (CRUA) = main group • Front de Leberation National (FLN) • Leaders: • Ahmed Ben Bella, Frantz Fannon
Algeria: • Year of Independence = 1962 • Methods of Gaining Independence • Guerilla tactics • Hit and run • Sniping • Bombing of French police and civilians • Café wars
Post-Colonialism • After the revolution, Ahmed Ben Bella was elected as premier in a one-sided election and was recognized by the United States. • Algeria was admitted as the 109th member of the United Nations • Ben Bella declared that Algeria would follow a neutral course in world politics • In 1965 Ben Bella's government banned opposition parties, providing that the only party allowed to overtly function was the FLN. • Algeria remained stable, though in a one-party state, until violent civil war broke out in the 1990s.
Post-Colonialism: Algeria • “For Algerians of many political factions, the legacy of their War of Independence acted to legitimise the unrestricted use of force in achieving a goal deemed to be justified. Once invoked against foreign colonialists, the same principle could be turned with relative ease also against fellow Algerians. The determination of the FLN to overthrow the colonial rule, and the ruthlessness exhibited by both sides in that struggle, were to be mirrored thirty years later by the determination of the FLN government to hold on to power and of the Islamist opposition to overthrow that rule, and the brutal struggle which ensued.”
