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Early-Late Middle Ages: Italy & Germany

Early-Late Middle Ages: Italy & Germany. 476-1500. Holy Roman Empire. 814, death of Charlemagne – Italy= CRAZO Sons inherited title of Holy Roman Emperor Multiple rulers in Italy Pope - Papal States Byzantines - ruled parts Arabs - ruled Sicily. Otto the Great.

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Early-Late Middle Ages: Italy & Germany

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  1. Early-Late Middle Ages: Italy & Germany 476-1500

  2. Holy Roman Empire • 814, death of Charlemagne – Italy= CRAZO • Sons inherited title of Holy Roman Emperor • Multiple rulers in Italy • Pope - Papal States • Byzantines - ruled parts • Arabs - ruled Sicily

  3. Otto the Great • King of Germany (936) • Desired central kingdom like Capetians • Also wanted Italy= 951 - seized territory in N. Italy • Helped Pope John XII control nobles= crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962

  4. Henry III • Emperor, 1046-1056 • Expected church to support him & the empire • Removed 3 popes & chose the next 3 himself

  5. Henry IV • 5 yrs old - chance for nobles to regain independence & feudal power • Church wanted to regain lost power= Clashes w/ Pope Gregory VII • Conflict over lay investiture • Gregory --> NO • Henry --> YES • Gregory had Henry excommunicated

  6. Pope vs. King • 1077 -- Henry gets excommunication revoked • 1122 - Concordat of Worms • Limits imperial power over church • Only Pope can name Bishops • Does NOT end conflict • Interference in Italy threatens Papal States

  7. Frederick Barbarossa • Ruled Germany from 1152-1190 • Wanted N. Italy • Merchant cities, Milan resisted= destroyed the city • Response= Cities unite= Lombard League • Defeated Frederick in 1176 • Peace treaty • Frederick = overlord • Cities govern themselves

  8. Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) • Strongest medieval pope • EVERYONE is a servant of the church • Settled all political AND spiritual matters • Used excommunication & interdict freely • King John & England - interdict • Philip Augustus - interdict • Overthrew 2 German kings

  9. Failed Unification • Italy & Germany never united • Frederick II = FAILED • Italy 3 regions • N. Italy - Lombard cities • C. Italy (Papal States) - Pope • S. Italy - kingdom of Sicily

  10. Quick Review • Why was Otto the Great crowned Emperor of the Romans? • Why was there conflict with Pope Gregory and Henry IV, and how was it resolved? • What was the Lombard League? • Who was Pope Innocent III?

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