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Napoleon Bonaparte. 1769-1821. Early Life. Born in Corsica Aristocratic family with many brothers and sisters Military school at the age of 14. Military Success. Success on the battlefield led to rapid advancement Other French generals who lost battles were declared traitors, and executed
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Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821
Early Life • Born in Corsica • Aristocratic family with many brothers and sisters • Military school at the age of 14
Military Success • Success on the battlefield led to rapid advancement • Other French generals who lost battles were declared traitors, and executed • Napoleon led the troops that crushed the rebellion against the Government (Directory) in 1795
Building up Power • From 1795-1799,Napoleon ’s French Army conquered Italy, defeated Austria, and invaded Egypt • Married Josephine (a widow with two children), but had no children with her. He later married the daughter of the Austrian Emperor, a diplomatic marriage that did produce an heir.
Taking Over • Coup d ’e tat: Napoleon takes over the Government • 1799 Napoleon returns from Egypt, takes over the government,creates the Consulate - with himself as First Consul (of 3)
Napoleon’s Policies • Napoleonic Code • Civil Code which makes many of the ideas of the French Revolution into law. • Sets standards for equality before the law of all citizens. • In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon I.
Napoleonic Wars • Much of the Napoleonic War is a struggle between the “whale ” (Britain :the dominant naval power )and the “elephant ” (France : the dominant army on land
Consolidating Power • Knowing he could not defend his North American colonies, he sold Louisiana to the United States (Louisiana Purchase) to fund his war. • Napoleon conquers Spain, defeats Prussia and Austria and makes peace with Russia, giving him control of most of Europe at the height of his power in 1812.
Changing Government • Napoleon places his brothers and relatives into monarchies around Europe (Joseph becomes King of Spain, Jerome as King of Westphalia, etc.) • Declares economic war on Britain • Closes the ports of Europe, the Continental System, to British ships/trade. • Sparks the War of 1812 between the British and the United States because it was during their conflict with France, that England was kidnapping colonials from ships and forcing them to fight (impressments).
Problems with Russia • Napoleon ’s Fall (Resurrection & Fall again) • Russia fails to enforce the Continental System • Napoleon invades Russia with the “Grand Army,” a joint force of French,Austrians,and Prussians totaling up to 600,000 men. • Russia avoids a major battle and draws the Grand Army to Moscow,then burns it down. • To Napoleon, if you take the capital, you win the war. • The Russians burnt their own crops and towns to make sure the French had little to eat (known as scorched-earth policy).
The End for Napoleon • The French had to retreat in the winter and Napoleon lost most of his army to the freeze conditions and starvation. As he retreats his allies desert him. • At the “Battle of All Nations ” Napoleon is defeated and sent to exile on Elba. • As France has trouble stabilizing their new government, Napoleon returns to take over the Government. After 100 Days, Napoleon is again defeated and then sent to St. Helena, a British controlled island in the middle of the Atlantic. He dies in exile seven years later. In the 1830s, his remains are returned to France and he receives a hero ’s welcome!
What did the Congress accomplish? • Gave a balanced settlement which ensured no major conflict for forty years (the Crimean War, 1854-6) and then until 1914. Balance of Power 2. Adopted a fair policy of no great rewards and no great punishments and was generous to the defeated France, so as not to give rise to French feelings of revenge 3. Adopted a policy to restore the status quo ante bellum [the situation as it was before the war] — a return to 1793 as far as possible. This was perhaps rather short-sighted and regressive although the policy-makers were working within their knowledge and did not have second sight to foretell the future.
What did the Congress accomplish? 4. Restored monarchies across Europe.Louis XVIII,Louis XVI ’s brother, was restored to the throne of France. The other kings in Spain, the German states, and Italian kingdoms were also restored to the throne as if it were 1789 again. Legitimacy. 5. Ignored demands for greater democracy and nationalism; this led to the majority of conflicts in the Nineteenth Century, between and within countries.
