1. Risk management of Power Systems Matias Alarotu Veerle De Ridder

2. Content • Introduction • Objectives • Nuclear power • Coal • Hydro power • Wind energy • Cases • Comparison • Conclusion

3. Introduction • Power systems essential tomaintainouraffluence • Aspectstobetakenintoaccountwhenchoosing a power productionmethod • Geography • Natural resources • Risks • Impacts

4. Objectives • Toidentifytherisksof different typesof power systems • To find out andassesstheconsequences • Tocompare different typesof power systems • Nuclear, coal, hydroand wind

5. Nuclear power PossibleRisks • Meltdown • Explosion • Risk foremployees • Causedbyearthquakes, tsunamis, floods, shutdowns, …

6. Nuclear power Consequences • Radiation • Cancer • Geneticdisease • Nausea • Death

7. Nuclear power • Low probability • High impact • Effects in proportion to exposure • Safetymeasures are the highest concern

8. Coal Power • Provides about 40 % of the world´s electricity • Largest coal power producers • China (46 %) • The United States (13 %) • India (9 %) • 76 % of the proposed new capacity in China and India

9. Coal Power • Main contributorofgreenhouse gas emissions • Other emissions • Sulfur dioxide • Nitrogen oxides • Fine particulates • Additionally, coalincludes • Ash • Metals, otherelementsandtheircompounds • Lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic… • Radioactivecompounds

10. RisksofCoal • Harmfulcompounds bind andaccumulate in ash duringtheburningprocess • Malfunctionsituations • Uncontrollableairemissions • Ash storagefailures • Spills tothenearbyenvironment • Exposuretoharmfulandtoxiccompounds

11. Consequences - Humans • Fine particulates • Respiration problems • SO2 • Heart diseases, asthma • NOx • Destroylungtissue • Radioactivecompounds • Cancer • Heavy metals • Cancer, developmentaldisorder

12. Consequences - Environment • Climatechange • Increasedprobabilityof extreme weatherphenomena • Localconsequences due to a spill • Contaminationofwatersupply • Contaminationofsoil • Damagetofloraandfauna

13. Hydro Power • Represents 2,3 % of world´s energy supply • Largest producers China, Brazil, Canada and the United States • Together about 50 % of total production • Efficient power production • Low emissions

14. RisksofHydro Power • Methodbased on storing large amountsofwater in a reservoir • Huge potential energybehind a dam • Accumulationofharmfulcompounds in a reservoir • Accidentsmayoccur due to • Improperconstructiontechniquesormaterials • Lack ofmaintenance • Extreme inflow • Human orcomputererror • Earthquake • Military operations

15. Consequences • Uncontrollablespillofcontaminatedwater • Damagetofloraandfauna • Failureof a dam • Large flood • Covers large landareas • Destroyhomes, roads, railways, power lines… • Tensofthousandsofdirectcasualties • Hundredsofthousandsofcasualties due toepidemicsandfamine • Millionshomeless

16. Wind Energy • A new and sustainableway to provide energy • Expensive to build • Cheap “fuel” • Unpredictable • A lot of spaceneeded

17. Wind Energy Possiblerisks • Noise and visual impact • Black outs of the grid • Bladethrow Consequences • Physicalinjuries • Wind turbine syndrome

18. Wind Energy • Low risk • Uncertaintyaboutnewtechniques • Efficiency is vulnerable

19. Case studies • Fukushima • Banqiao Dam • TVA Kingston Fossil Plant

20. Case study: Fukushima Japan, March 2011 • Earthquake (9 on Richters scale) • Tsunami (23 meters) • Nuclear power plant was aged • Bad decisions

21. Case study: Banqiao Dam • FailureofBanqiao Reservoir Dam, Shimantan Reservoir Dam and 60 otherdams • China 1975 • Banqiao Dam • Designedtosurvive a 1-in-1000-years flood • About 530 mm rain in threedays • Shimantan Dam • Desingnedtosurvive a 1-in-500-years flood • About 480 mm rain in threedays

22. Case study: Banqiao Dam • On August, 1975 a typhoonhitthearea • About 1000 mm in oneday • Bothdamscollapsed • A hugefloodflowedovertheland • 12 km wide • 6 m high • 600 millionm3 of water • Covered more than one million hectares of land

23. Case study: Banqiao Dam • Consequences • Totally 11 millionpeoplewereaffected • 26 000 directcasualties • 150 000 casualties due toepidemicsandfamine

24. Case study: TVA Kingston Fossil Plant • Coal-fired power plant ownedby Tennessee Valley Authority • A large spilloffly ash slurry on December, 2008 • Heavy rain duringthepreviousmonth • Coldweather --> Breakdown ofthe wall ofthecontainmentarea

25. Case study: TVA Kingston Fossil Plant • Consequences • 4,1 millionm3 of hazardous waste spread to an area of 1,2 km2 • Covered homes, roadsand railways • Damaged gas and power lines • Significant damage to the surrounding area • Especially to the river basin • Countless amount of dead fishes • Contamination of water supply • Parts of the area remain contaminated for decades

26. Comparison • Data • Decision Matrix • Graphs

27. Comparison

28. Comparison

29. Comparison

30. Decision Matrix

31. Decision Matrix • Nuclear power: 2,625 • Coalpower: 2,40 • Hydro power: 2,55 • Wind power: 4,125 • Wind power clearlythebest • Low riskandlowimpacts • Nuclearandhydro power sufferfrom high riskandcost

33. Conclusion • All the power systems include a risk • Trade-off among risk, economic, environmental and social advantages • Independent information hard to find • Lots of money used for lobbying

34. Conclusions • Coal seems to be the worst choise • Still growing strongly • Risks of nuclear power very low • Still considered something to get rid of • In the statistics, hydro power suffers from some huge accidents • Wind energy has low impacts but also low capacities • Lacking of safety information

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